Phytochemical screening and antioxidant properties of stingless bee Geniotrigona thoracica propolis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2-1.1557Keywords:
Stingless bee, propolis, Geniotrigona thoracica, TLC profiling, antioxidantAbstract
Propolis is a gum-like product that collected by bees from plants and it varies in colour range from light yellow to dark brown. The chemical composition of propolis depends on various factors such as vegetation, season and environmental conditions of the sample collection. The aim of the study was to determine the chemical profile and antioxidant properties of crude methanol extract of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis from five localities, namely Besut (BST), Dungun (DGN), Lundang (LDG), Tanah Merah (TM) and Gua Musang (GM). Phytochemical screening by thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, essential oils and unsaturated and aromatic compounds. The extracts displayed different characteristics of chemical profile that varied from each other. The antioxidant properties of extracts were evaluated based on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging activity. Propolis from Gua Musang (GM) exhibited the highest total phenolic content with 23.43 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g extract while propolis from Besut (BST) exhibited the highest total flavonoids content with 17.22 ± 0.16 mg QE/g extract and showed the lowest IC50 with 53 µg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging activities. As a result, Geniotrigona thoracica from Besut (BST) could be considered as a good source of antioxidant due to its antioxidant properties.
References
Abu-Mellal, A., Koolaji, N., Duke, R. K., Tran, V. H., & Duke, C. C. (2012). Prenylated cinnamate and stilbenes from Kangaroo Island propolis and their antioxidant activity. Phytochemistry, 77, 251-259.
Ahn, M. R., Kumazawa, S., Usui, Y., Nakamura, J., Matsuka, M., Zhu, F., & Nakayama, T. (2007). Antioxidant activity and constituents of propolis collected in various areas of China. Food Chemistry, 101(4), 1383-1392.
Ahn M. R., Kunimasa, K., Kumazawa, S., Nakayama, T., Kaji, K., Uto, Y., Hori, H., Nagasawa, H., & Ohta, T. (2009). Correlation between antiangiogenic activity and antioxidant activity of various components from propolis. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 53, 643–651.
Amoros, M., Simõs, C. M. O., Girre, L., Sauvager, F., & Cormier, M. (1992). Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis. Journal of Natural Products, 55(12), 1732-1740.
Bankova, V. S., Castro, S. L. D., & Marcucci, M. C. (2000). Propolis: recent advances in chemistry and plant origin. Apidologie, 31, 3–15.
Bankova, V., Popova, M., Bogdanov. S., & Sabatini, A. G. (2002). Chemical composition of European propolis: Expected and unexpected results. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 57, 530-533.
Bankova, V. (2005). Chemical diversity of propolis and the problem of standardization. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(1-2), 114–117.
Bankova, V. (2009). Chemical diversity of propolis makes it a valuable source of new biologically active compounds. Journal of ApiProduct and ApiMedical Science, 1(2), 23-28.
Barlak, Y., Deˇger, O., Olak , M.C., Karatayli, S. C., Bozdayi, A. M., & Y¨ucesan, F. (2011). Effect of Turkish propolis extracts on proteome of prostate cancer cell line. Proteome Science, 9, 74.
Bhaigyabati, T., Devi, P. G., & Bag, G. C. (2014). Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of aqueous rhizome extract of three hedychium species of Manipur Valley. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Chemical Sciences, 5(5), 970-6.
Bobo‐García, G., Davidov‐Pardo, G., Arroqui, C., Vírseda, P., Marín‐Arroyo, M. R., & Navarro, M. (2015). Intra‐laboratory validation of microplate methods for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity on polyphenolic extracts, and comparison with conventional
spectrophotometric methods. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, 95(1), 204-209.
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. & Berset, C. (1995). Use of free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28, 25 - 30.
Celemli, O. G., Hatjina, F., Charistos, L., Schiesser, A., & Ozkirim, A. (2013). More insight into the chemical composition of Greek propolis; differences and similarities with Turkish propolis. Zeitschrift f¨ur Naturforschung, 68(11-12), 429-438.
Cuesta-Rubio, O., Frontana-Uribe, B. A., Ramírez-Apan, T., & Cárdenas, J. (2002). Polyisoprenylated benzophenones in Cuban propolis: Biological activity of nemorosone. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 57(3-4), 372-378.
Fabris, S., Bertelle, M., Astafyeva, O., Gregoris, E., Zangrando, R., Gambaro, A., Lima, G. P., & Stevanato, R. (2013). Antioxidant properties and chemical composition relationship of Europeans and Brazilians propolis. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 4(01), 46.
Falcão, S. I., Vale, N., Gomes, P., Domingues, M. R., Freire, C., Cardoso, S. M., & Vilas‐Boas, M. (2013). Phenolic profiling of Portuguese propolis by LC–MS spectrometry: Uncommon propolis rich in flavonoid glycosides. Phytochemical Analysis, 24(4), 309-318.
Fokt, H., Pereira, A., Ferreira, A. M., Cunha, A., & Aguiar, C. (2010). How do bees prevent hive infections? The antimicrobial properties of propolis. Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, 1, 481-493.
Garcia, E. J., Oldoni, T. L. C., Alencar, S. M. D., Reis, A., Loguercio, A. D., & Grande, R. H. M. (2012). Antioxidant activity by DPPH assay of potential solutions to be applied on bleached teeth. Brazilian Dental Journal, 23(1), 22-27.
Ghisalberti, E. L. (1979). Propolis: a review. Bee world, 60(2), 59-84.
Halliwell, B., Murcia, M. A., Chirico, S., & Aruoma, O. I. (1995). Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo: what they do and how they work. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 35(1-2), 7-20.
Hatano, A., Nonaka, T., Yoshino, M., Ahn, M. R., Tazawa, S., Araki, Y., & Kumazawa, S. (2012). Antioxidant activity and phenolic constituents of red propolis from Shandong, China. Food Science and Technology Research, 18(4), 577-584.
Henriksen, E. J., Diamond, S. M. K., & Marchionne, E. M. (2011). Oxidative stress and the etiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 51, 993–999.
Ibrahim, N., Zakaria, A. J., Ismail, Z., & Mohd, K. S. (2016). Antibacterial and phenolic content of propolis produced by two Malaysian Stingless Bees, Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 8(1), 156-161.
Ibrahim, N., Niza, N. F. S. M., Rodi, M. M. M., Zakaria, A. J., Ismail, Z., & Mohd, K. S. (2016). Chemical and biological analyses of Malaysian stingless bee propolis extracts. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 20(2), 413-422.
Isla, M. I., Moreno, M. N., Sampietro, A. R., & Vattuone, M. A. (2001). Antioxidant activity of Argentine propolis extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76(2), 165-170.
Ito, J., Chang, F. R., Wang, H. K., Park, Y. K., Ikegaki, M., Kilgore, N., & Lee, K. H. (2001). Anti-AIDS agents. 48. Anti-HIV activity of moronic acid derivatives and the new melliferone-related triterpenoid isolated from Brazilian propolis. Journal of Natural Products, 64(10), 1278-1281.
Kahkonen, M. P., Hopia, A. I., Vuorela, H. J., Rauha, J. P., Pihlaja, K., Kujala, T. S., & Heinonen, M. (1999). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47(10), 3954–3962.
Kalaiselvi, V., Binu, T. V., & Radha, S. R. (2016). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the various leaf extracts of Mimusops elengi L. South Indian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(1), 24-29.
Kedare, S. B., & Singh, R. P. (2011). Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48(4), 412-422.
Kumazawa, S., Hamasaka, T., & Nakayama, T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of propolis of various geographic origins. Food Chemistry, 84,329–339.
Machado, B. A. S., Silva, R. P. D., de Abreu Barreto, G., Costa, S. S.,
Silva, D. F. D., Brandão, H. N., Rocha, J. L. C. D., Dellagostin, O. A., Henriques, J. A. P., Guez, M. A. U., & Padilha, F. F. (2016). Chemical composition and biological activity of extracts obtained by supercritical extraction and ethanolic extraction of brown, green and red propolis derived from different geographic regions in Brazil. PLoS One, 11(1), 1-26
Marcucci, M. C. (1995). Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity. Apidologie, 26(2), 83-99.
Marcucci, M. C., & Bankova, V. (1999). Chemical composition, plant origin and biological activity of Brazilian propolis. Current Topics in Phytochemistry, 2, 115–123.
Massaro, C. F., Katouli, M., Grkovic, T., Vu, H., Quinn, R. J., Heard, T. A., Carvalho, C., Manley-Harris, M., Wallace, H. M., & Brooks, P. (2014). Anti-staphylococcal activity of C-methyl flavanones from propolis of Australian stingless bees (Tetragonula carbonaria) and fruit resins of Corymbia torelliana (Myrtaceae). Fitoterapia, 95, 247-257.
Milojković Opsenica, D., Ristivojević, P., Trifković, J., Vovk, I., Lušić, D., & Tešić, Ž. (2016). TLC fingerprinting and pattern recognition methods in the assessment of authenticity of poplar-type propolis. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 54(7), 1077-1083.
Mohammadzadeh, S., Sharriatpanahi, M., Hamedi, M., Amanzadeh, Y., Ebrahimi, S. E. S., & Ostad, S. N. (2007). Antioxidant power of Iranian propolis extract. Food Chemistry, 103(3), 729-733.
Moreira, L., Dias, L. G., Pereira, J. A., & Estevinho, L. (2008). Antioxidant properties, total phenols and pollen analysis of propolis samples from Portugal. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(11), 3482-3485.
Moreno, M. I. N., Isla, M. I., Sampietro, A. R., & Vattuone, M. A. (2000). Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2), 109-114.
Park, Y. K., Alencar, S. M., & Aguiar, C. L. (2002). Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(9), 2502-2506.
Piccinelli, A. L., Mencherini, T., Celano, R., Mouhoubi, Z., Tamendjari, A., Aquino, R. P., & Rastrelli, L. (2013). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Algerian propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(21), 5080-5088.
Popova, M. P., Graikou, K., Chinou, I., & Bankova, V. S. (2010). GCMS profiling of diterpene compounds in mediterranean propolis from Greece. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(5), 3167–3176.
Popova, M., Dimitrova, R., Al-Lawati, H. T., Tsvetkova, I., Najdenski, H., & Bankova, V. (2013). Omani propolis: Chemical profiling, antibacterial activity and new propolis plant sources. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(1), 158.
Rufatto, L. C., Dos Santos, D. A., Marinho, F., Henriques, J. A. P., Ely, M. R., & Moura, S. (2017). Red propolis: Chemical composition and pharmacological activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(7), 591-598.
Salmon, T. B., Evert, B. A., Song, B., & Doetsch, P. W. (2004). Biological consequences of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic acids research, 32(12), 3712-3723.
Sforcin, J. M., & Bankova, V. (2011). Propolis: is there a potential for the development of new drugs? Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133(2), 253–260.
Shittu, O. K., Lawal, B., Haruna, G. M., Berinyuy, E. B., Yusuf, A. A., & Ibrahim, A. M. (2015). Hepato-curative effects of methanol extract from Nigeria bee propolis in carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxicated rat. Euro J Biotechnol Biosci, 3, 12-6.
Silva-Carvalho, R., Baltazar, F., & Almeida-Aguiar, C. (2015). Propolis: A complex natural product with a plethora of biological activities that can be explored for drug development. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Article ID 206439, 2015.
Singleton, V.L., & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdicphosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144-158
Socha, R., Gałkowska, D., Bugaj, M., & Juszczak, L. (2015). Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from various regions of Poland. Natural Product Research, 29(5), 416-422.
Sosa, V., Moliné, T., Somoza, R., Paciucci, R., Kondoh, H., & LLeonart, M. E. (2013). Oxidative stress and cancer: an overview. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(1), 376-390.
Tazawa, S., Warashina, T., Noro, T., & Miyase, T. (1998). Studies on the constituents of Brazilian propolis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 46, 1477–1479.
Tazawa, S., Warashina, T., & Noro, T. (1999). Studies on the constituents of Brazilian propolis II. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 47, 1388–1392.
Trease, G. E. & Evans, W. C. (1983). Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 12th edn. Balliese Tindall and Company Publisher, London. pp. 343 - 383.
Umthong, S., Phuwapraisirisan, P., Puthong, S., & Chanchao, C. (2011). In
vitro antiproliferative activity of partially purified Trigona laeviceps propolis from Thailand on human cancer cell lines. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 11(1), 37.
Valente, M. J., Baltazar, A. F., Henrique, R., Estevinho, L., & Carvalho, M. (2011). Biological activities of Portuguese propolis: protection against free radical-induced erythrocyte damage and inhibition of human renal cancer cell growth in vitro. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(1), 86-92.
Viuda‐Martos, M., Ruiz‐Navajas, Y., Fernández‐López, J., & Pérez‐Álvarez, J. A. (2008). Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly. Journal of Food Science, 73(9), R117-R124.
Woisky, R. & Salatino, A. (1998). Analysis of propolis:some parameters and procedures for chemical quality control. Journal of Apicultural Research, 37, 99-105.
Wollgast, J. & Anklam, E. (2000). Review on polyphenols in Theobroma cacao: Changes in composition during the manufacture of chocolate and methodology for identification and quantification. Food Research International, 33, 423–447.
Wu, Y. Y., Li, W., Xu, Y., Jin, E. H., & Tu, Y. Y. (2011). Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 12(9), 744.
Yamagishi, S. I., & Matsui, T. (2011). Nitric oxide, a janus-faced therapeutic target for diabetic microangiopathy—Friend or foe?. Pharmacological Research, 64(3), 187-194.
Yang, H., Dong, Y., Du, H., Shi, H., Peng, Y., & Li, X. ( 2011). Antioxidant compounds from propolis collected in Anhui, China. Molecules, 16, 3444–3455.
