Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences
Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (MJFAS) Indexed by Scopus, SCImago Journal Rank, ACI and Web of Science Journal abbreviation: Mal. J. Fund. Appl. Sci. ISSN: 2289-5981. e-ISSN: 2289-599X. Editor-in-Chief: Madzlan Aziz The Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences (MJFAS) (formerly known as Journal of Fundamental Sciences (2005-2011), ISSN: 1823-626X) is a refereed research journal. The aims and scope of the journal encompass research articles, original research reports, reviews, short communications, and scientific commentaries from fundamental principles to practical applications in the broad field of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. All manuscript submissions must be made through the journal's online manuscript system at Online Submissions. For acceptance in MJFAS, a manuscript must be the right fit with the journal's focus and scope. A fee of MYR 630.00/article for authors with Malaysia affiliation and MYR 730.00/article for authors with affiliation outside Malaysia by the author or research funder to cover costs associated with publication once the paper is accepted to be published in 2023 and onwards.
Precision Synthesis and Structural-Optical Characterization of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles via Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid
A sustainable ligand-free pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) strategy was used to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) inside a chickpea extract liquid medium. A Nd:YAG pulsed laser was operated under constant laser parameters, including a wavelength of 1064 nm, pulse duration of 8 ns, and repetition rate of 8 Hz. The effect of laser fluences (LFs), ranging from 7.53 to 37.67 J/cm², on the structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the synthesized NiO-NPs was determined. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses revealed chemically stable, spherical NPs with an average diameter of ~11.6 ± 1.1 nm and polycrystalline structure. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy exhibited a strong absorption band at ~261 nm with a bandgap (Eg) of ~4.15 eV. The slight reduction in Eg with increasing LF was accompanied by enhanced band-edge absorbance and higher crystallinity, confirming the successful incorporation of bioactive capping compounds during laser-induced synthesis. Fluorescence spectra displayed a blue emission at ~450 nm with lifetime decay values increasing from 5.57 μs at the lowest LF of 7.53 J/cm² to 6.97 μs at higher LFs, indicating modified charge-carrier dynamics. The optimized NiO-NPs showed the scalability of chickpea phytochemical-assisted PLAL as a green and scalable route for creating multifunctional biofunctionalized metal oxide NPs. Thus, this work offers a sustainable and scalable route for developing high-performance, biofunctionalized NiO-NPs with tunable structural and optical properties suitable for next-generation optoelectronic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Aqeel Salim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline for the Removal of 4-Vinylcyclohexene in the Nitrile Glove Manufacturing Industry
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common by-products released during nitrile glove manufacturing, which can cause unpleasant odours and pose risks to human health and the environment. Among these VOCs, 4-vinylcyclohexene (4-VCH) is found to be emitted during production through cyclization of 1,3-butadiene. Polyaniline (PANI), which has been widely studied for the removal of pollutants, such as heavy metals and organic dyes, shows potential as an adsorbent for 4-VCH due to its tunable oxidation states. In this study, emeraldine salt (PANI-ES) was synthesized via chemical oxidation, while emeraldine base (PANI-EB) and pernigraniline base (PANI-PB) were obtained through deprotonation and further chemical oxidation. All synthesized PANI samples were examined using FTIR, UV-Vis, TGA and electrical conductivity measurements to confirm their chemical structures, oxidation states, thermal stability, and electrical properties. The adsorption performance of the different PANI oxidation states toward 4-VCH was determined using gas chromatography- flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Among the PANI samples, PANI-EB exhibited the highest 4-VCH removal efficiency of 19.21% at 60 mins in 100ppm 4-VCH solution, followed by PANI-PB with the removal efficiency of 17.75% at 90 mins, whereas PANI-ES showed the lowest removal efficiency of 13.53% at 60 mins. Post-adsorption UV-Vis and FTIR analyses revealed no significant changes in spectral features of PANI-EB, indicating that the adsorption mechanism is mainly by physical interactions. This study shows the potential of PANI, particularly in its emeraldine base form, as a potential adsorbent for the removal of non-polar VOCs, such as 4-VCH, from industrial emissions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kar Yan Fong, Rusli Daik, Wai Leon Low, Sook Wai Phang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Multi-Plane Biomechanical Analysis of Lower Limb Joints: Implications for Rehabilitation and Fall Prevention
This study examines the biomechanical responses of the ankle, knee, and hip joints during walking on varying slopes to understand how different inclinations affect joint loading and movement mechanics. While previous research has explored slope walking, many studies lack detailed multi-plane analyses of joint moments and accelerations, limiting their applicability in rehabilitation and injury prevention. To address these gaps, we employed advanced motion capture and force plate measurements to quantify joint moments and accelerations at inclinations of 0°, 5°, 7.5°, and 10°. Our results indicate that steeper slopes significantly increase joint moments and accelerations, particularly in the knee and hip during incline walking and in the ankle during decline walking. These findings highlight the increased biomechanical demands on lower limb joints, emphasizing the need for tailored rehabilitation programs, training strategies, and ergonomic interventions. By providing a more comprehensive understanding of slope-related mechanical stresses, this study contributes valuable insights for injury prevention, rehabilitation, and performance optimization in both clinical and athletic settings. The findings suggest that to decrease the risk of falling and manage the demands of inclined walking, appropriate walking strategies and improved safety measures should be implemented, especially during decline and anterior-posterior orientations. This study also offers additional understanding of optimal incline walking techniques for secure and practical locomotion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Ashequl Islam, Noor Arifah Azwani Abdul Yamin, Khairul Salleh Basarudin, Muhammad Nazrin Shah Shahrol Aman, Hiroshi Takemura http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Composition of Bentong Ginger Extracts and Kelulut Honey
Bentong ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Bentong) and Kelulut honey (Heterotrigona itama) are recognized natural antioxidants, yet their synergistic potential remains underexplored. This study evaluated the antioxidant activities of Bentong ginger, Kelulut honey, and their combinations (10% ginger with 15% or 20% honey) using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, alongside LCMS/MS QTOF profiling to identify key contributing phytochemicals. Both assays demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, with the 10% ginger and 15% honey mixture exhibiting the strongest effect and a pronounced synergistic interaction (CI = 0.66). LCMS/MS QTOF analysis revealed diverse bioactive constituents across samples, including phenolic acids, oxygenated terpenoids, flavonoids, fatty acid derivatives, and flavin-related metabolites, supporting the enhanced radical-scavenging capacity observed in the mixtures. Overall, the findings demonstrate that combining Bentong ginger with Kelulut honey significantly augments antioxidant potency and provides a strong scientific basis for the development of natural health products or functional formulations utilizing their synergistic antioxidant properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Nasyitah Santuaw, Muhammad Helmi Nadri, Abdul Fatah A. Samad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hydrothermally Synthesized Carbon Quantum Dots from Amomum compactum for Fluorescence-Based Fe³⁺ Sensing
This study reports the green synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from Amomum compactum via a simple hydrothermal method for the sensitive and selective fluorescence-based detection of Fe³⁺ ions. Compared with previously reported biomass-derived CQD sensors, the developed system offers a simple synthesis route without additional surface modification, high selectivity toward Fe³⁺, and reliable sensing performance in real water samples. The obtained CQDs exhibit nanoscale dimensions (2.92 nm), strong blue emission, and excitation-dependent optical behavior attributed to quantum confinement effects and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. These surface characteristics facilitate strong interactions with metal ions, where Fe³⁺ induces a pronounced fluorescence quenching response through coordination interactions and electron transfer with oxygen-containing surface groups, compared to other tested ions, demonstrating high selectivity. The sensing system shows a linear response over a concentration range of 0.001–5 ppm with a low detection limit of 0.085 ppm, which is competitive with several previously reported CQD-based Fe³⁺ fluorescent sensors, meeting requirements for environmental monitoring. Application in real water samples confirms high accuracy and precision, with recovery values ranging from 95.1% to 101.2%. Overall, this work highlights an eco-friendly, cost-effective sensing platform that supports sustainable water quality monitoring, contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6.
Copyright (c) 2026 Said Ali Akbar, Cut Nuzlia, Muhammad Hasan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fabrication and Application of an Okra-Derived Sorbent for Efficient Removal of Acetaminophen Micropollutants from Aqueous Media
Pharmaceutical micropollutants, such as acetaminophen, pose increasing environmental concerns due to their persistence in aquatic systems. In this study, a novel bio-based sorbent was synthesized from agricultural okra waste via redox polymerization in the presence of nickel ions (Ni). The resulting p(Okra)/Ni composite particles were thoroughly characterized through structural and morphological analyses, confirming their successful formation. Batch sorption experiments were performed under different pH, temperature, sorbent dosage, and initial acetaminophen concentration conditions. Among the synthesized materials, p(Okra)/Ni1 and p(Okra)/Ni3 showed the highest sorption performance, with maximum acetaminophen sorption capacities of 507.6 mg/g and 452.2 mg/g, respectively. The highest sorption capacities achieved at optimum sorbent dosage were 592.1 mg/g for p(Okra)/Ni1 and 566.1 mg/g for p(Okra)/Ni3. Sorption was strongly influenced by pH and temperature, with optimum performance observed near neutral pH. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² > 0.99), indicating monolayer sorption on homogeneous active sites. BET analysis revealed surface areas between 83.7 and 88.4 m²/g, while pore volume and pore diameter increased with increasing Ni content. Overall, the developed p(Okra)/Ni sorbents demonstrated high efficiency for acetaminophen removal and offer a sustainable approach for converting agricultural waste into value-added materials for wastewater treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tuba Erşen Dudu, Duygu Alpaslan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
New Paradigmatic Framework of Entropy Computing in Benzenoids Octahedral Structures
Network entropy is a potent quantitative approach to the analysis of the structural complexity of connected systems, derived out of information theory and has received significant interest in computer science, the biological sciences, and molecular chemistry because of its capacity to reflect high structural diversity and low symmetry. Topological indices give a graph entropy measurement which is also an efficient and systematic set of indices to study the structure of molecules and predict their behaviour. This work is a research on the K-Banhatti entropy of three benzenoid octahedral structures, i.e. BPOS, BDPOS, and BHPOS, and the purpose of this investigation is to use the data on the entropy to point out the structural features of these structures. Topological descriptors of molecular structures are an important part of the chemical graph theory and are widely used in cheminformatics, information technology, biological research, and other areas. There has also been a broad selection of topological indices designed to represent the behavior of molecules especially non-regular graphs where the irregularity measures are able to provide a better insight into the structural heterogeneity. Inevitably, we analyse a few indices of irregularity in order to describe the non-uniformity of benzenoid networks and aid quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. A more detailed insight into structural organization of benzenoid octahedral structures is made possible through combined application of entropy measures and irregularity indices. Further, we compute the first and second kinds of modified Zagreb entropies for BPOS, BDPOS, and BHPOS structures. The findings reveal that the suggested descriptors are robust, informative and computationally efficient measures used in examining complex molecular networks and thus, serve in the development of entropy-based measures in chemical graph theory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashfaq Ahmed Qummer, Muhammad Saqib, Mohamad Nazri Husin, Shahbaz Ali, Rahmawati Rahmawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Degree Substitution on the Viscosity and Solubility of Carboxymethylated Amorphophallus muelleri Glucomannan
Glucomannan, derived from Amorphophallus muelleri (AGM), is a highly viscous natural polysaccharide with reduced solubility, which has yet to be fully developed, hence constraining its application across numerous industries. Among the numerous modifications applied to AGM, carboxymethylation via the etherification process has garnered considerable interest owing to its straightforward methodology and its ability to reduce viscosity while enhancing the solubility of glucomannan. This study aims to examine the modification of Amorphophallus muelleri glucomannan by carboxymethylation (CMAGM) through the variation of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) to ascertain the degree of substitution and its effects on viscosity and solubility. The degree of substitution was verified by titration methods, which corroborate the findings from Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses. The glucomannan yield achieved through acid hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid was 52.4%. The AGM was effectively altered and validated by the emergence of a new peak at 1587–1369 cm⁻¹ in the FT-IR spectra and δ = 3.3-4.1, δ = 8.057 ppm in the NMR spectra, indicative of the COOH functional group due to the modification process. The modification process indicated that the maximum degree of substitution achieved with a NaOH: MCA ratio of 4:2 % w/v was 0.577. It was found that a lower MCA corresponds to a higher degree of substitution. Overall, the carboxymethylation effectively reduced the viscosity and enhanced the solubility of glucomannan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risa Yunita, Roshanida A. Rahman, Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar, Mohammad Nashriq Jailani, Nur Aizura Mat Alewi, Rosli Md. Illias, Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof, Ni Nyoman Tri Puspaningsih, Mohd Faizal Ahmad Jaafar, Azura Aziz http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Subclass of Bi-univalent Functions Defined by Srivastava-Owa Differential Operator and Gegenbauer Polynomials
By taking Srivastava-Owa derivative operator in conjunction with Gegenbauer polynomials, we introduced a subclass of bi-univalent functions in this article. Some inequalities, such as coefficient bounds and the Fekete–Szegö functionals are accessed. This research extends the application of fractional differential operator to orthogonal polynomials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lee Chew Yee, Maslina Darus http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biological Parameters of Flowerhorn Cichlid in Panglima Besar Soerdirman Reservoir, Indonesia
Flowerhorn cichlids are potentially invasive fish species because of their wide ranged in trophic level and reproductive properties. This study aims to analyze several biological parameters of flowerhorn cichlids in Panglima Besar Soedirman Reservoirs that consist of many native fishes from Serayu River. Fish were collected from the fisherman that operated using multiple gears and landed the flowerhorn fish in Seakong Fish Market, Wanadadi, Banjarnegara, Indonesia from August to October 2025. Fish were then analyzed in Pescica Marina Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Biological aspects that were assessed consist of morphology, length-weight relationship (LWRs), relative condition factor (Kn), gonadosomatic index (GSI), length at the first capture (Lc), and maturity (Lm). The results showed that males have a higher condition factor (1.05), although with a negative allometric growth pattern (b<3). Conversely, the female was heavier (444.34 ± 26.34 g) and longer (117.58 ± 22.84 mm). The mean gonadosomatic index for male (0.75) and female (4.70) are related to the gonad maturity stage in which the male are mostly immature to maturing but females are dominantly mature. The length of maturity of female is 91 mm while male is 219.2 mm, and their length at the first capture is 107.9 mm and 109.5 mm, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adinda Putri, Dinda Agy Cahyaningrum, Novia Nurul Afiyah, Yuriza Eshananda, I Nyoman Yoga Parawangsa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Highland Stream Chironomidae of Malaysia: Distribution and Environmental Assessment Potential
Most chironomids ecological studies has focuses on lowland area and related to the pollution issues. This study examined the diversity of chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) in ten highland streams of Pahang, Malaysia, spanning elevations from 436 to 1,575 m. Fifty stations were sampled using a Surber net, with water quality parameters analyzed following APHA protocols. Water quality assessment based on the Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI) showed all streams were clean (WQI 88–97; Class I–II). Although total suspended solids (TSS) varied significantly (p < 0.05), values remained within good water quality thresholds. Substrate composition, canopy cover, and water velocity also differed significantly between streams, reflecting distinct habitat conditions. A total of 4,859 chironomid larvae were collected, representing three subfamilies: Chironominae (49%), Orthocladiinae (44%), and Tanypodinae (7%). Twenty-nine genera were identified from Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, while Tanypodinae was identified only to the subfamily level. Chironominae, dominated by Polypedilum and Rheotanytarsus were more abundant at lower elevations, whereas Orthocladiinae, dominated by Tvetenia, Cricotopus, and Rheocricotopus, prevailed at higher altitudes. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed altitude, substrate type, and TSS as key factors influencing the distribution. These findings provide the first comprehensive account of highland chironomids in Malaysia and highlight their potential as bioindicators for assessing tropical montane streams.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Dr. Ahmad Bin Abas Kutty, Amirul Akmal Ahmad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Electrodeposition Conditions and Sn:Co Ratio on SnCo-Modified Carbon Electrodes for Cathodic Reactions and Microbial Fuel Cell Performance
The performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is commonly limited by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (O₂RR) at the cathode, which reduces electron acceptance and overall power generation. Therefore, the development of low-cost and stable cathode catalysts is important to improve MFC performance. In this study, SnCo-based electrocatalysts were developed as alternative cathode materials to enhance cathodic reduction reactions in bioelectrochemical systems. Tin (Sn) was introduced into cobalt (Co)-based catalysts to improve catalytic behaviour, active-site availability and structural stability. The study was conducted in two screening parts. First, SnCo was electrodeposited onto carbon felt at different deposition potentials from −0.2 to −1.2 V to evaluate carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) activity and surface morphology. Carbon felt deposited at −0.6 V showed the highest CO₂RR current density, although surface analysis showed that the deposits did not fully cover the carbon felt. Secondly, SnCo was deposited onto carbon cloth at Sn:Co ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 to evaluate O₂RR activity, stability and MFC cathode performance. Response surface methodology (RSM) identified −0.6 V and SnCo 1:4 as the most favourable electrochemical screening condition based on the selected CO₂RR and O₂RR responses. However, MFC validation showed that SnCo 1:2 achieved the highest maximum power density of 0.105 W m⁻², followed by SnCo 1:1 at 0.089 W m⁻² and SnCo 1:4 at 0.069 W m⁻². This indicates that electrochemical screening does not directly translate to whole-cell MFC performance. Overall, SnCo-modified carbon electrodes show potential as low-cost cathode catalysts for bioelectrochemical systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Syazwanie Mohd Saidi, Yashawini Phriya Rauichandran, Muhamad Amirul Aiman Bin Mohd Nor, Norhamizah Hazirah Ahmad Junaidi, Irwan Ibrahim, Wai Yin Wong, Swee Su Lim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Immobilization of Laccase on Graphene-Support Material: A Molecular Dynamic Study
Laccase is a versatile oxidative enzyme widely applied in the degradation of various environmental pollutants. However, its practical application is often limited by poor operational stability and reusability in free form. Immobilization onto suitable support materials has therefore emerged as an effective strategy to enhance enzyme stability and performance. Among carbon-based supports, graphene and its derivatives have attracted considerable attention due to their high surface area, abundant functional groups, and excellent physicochemical properties. This study investigates the intermolecular interactions between laccase and graphene-based supports to elucidate the structural stability, flexibility, and compactness of enzyme-support complexes at the molecular level. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to evaluate graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as immobilization supports. Docking results revealed that the laccase-GO (Lac–GO) complex exhibited the strongest binding affinity (-14.4 kcal/mol), forming three hydrogen bonds with bond lengths of 2.03 Å, 2.52 Å, and 3.13 Å, whereas weaker interactions were observed for laccase-rGO. MD simulations further demonstrated that free laccase exhibited the lowest root mean square deviation (RMSD), reflecting inherent structural stability, while the Lac-GO complex maintained lower RMSD values than Lac-rGO, indicating improved structural stability among immobilized systems. Root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) analysis showed moderate residue-level flexibility for Lac-GO compared to higher fluctuations in Lac-rGO, suggesting better conformational preservation upon GO binding. Additionally, the radius of gyration (Rg) analysis revealed that Lac-GO retained greater compactness than Lac-rGO while allowing slight structural expansion relative to free laccase, which may facilitate enhanced enzyme loading and reduced mass transfer limitations. Overall, the computational findings indicate that graphene oxide provides a superior immobilization platform for laccase compared to reduced graphene oxide, offering favourable interaction stability and structural characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Idayu Nashiruddin, PROF IR TS DR Roshanida A. Rahman, DR Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar, PROF. DR. Rosli Md. Illias http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Laplace Variational Iteration Method for Solving Conformable Fractional Order Integro-Differential Equations
This paper aims to integrate the Laplace transformation method with the variational iteration method to deliver an analytical approximate solution for fractional-order integro-differential equations, where the fractional-order derivative and integration are defined in the conformable sense. The iterative solution sequence is obtained using the Laplace variational iteration method, and the convergence of this sequence of approximate solutions to the exact solution is established and demonstrated. First, we shall study the approximate solution of a linear fractional integro-differential equation, and secondly, solve the nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations modeled using conformable differointegration. Some illustrative examples are considered to verify the validity and accuracy of the proposed technique, in which approximate solutions are compared with the exact solutions if they exist. Through the comparison, we conclude that the present hybrid approach is very effective for solving this type of problem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Salam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Traditional Food to Nutraceuticals: LC-HRMS Identifies Leaves and Roots Antidiabetic Metabolites of Amaranthus spinosus L. and Amaranthus viridis L. from Buru Island (Wallacea Areas)
The leaves and roots of A. spinosus and A. viridis on Buru Island (Wallacea region) as antidiabetics have received little attention. The goal of this study was to identify active chemicals in the leaves and roots of these two plant species that could be used as antidiabetic nutraceuticals. The method in this research used five approaches: LC-HRMS, chemometric analysis, volcano plot, Venn diagram, and in silico. The results showed that the roots of both plant species had the highest chemical diversity, especially in the acid, lipid, and derivative groups. The specific compounds identified consisted of LAS (8), LAV, RAS (13), and RAV (14). In silico analysis indicated 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and ursolic acid from the RAS sample as two of the best potential antidiabetic alternatives, with binding energies of (-10.1 kcal/mol) and (-9.7 kcal/mol) to the COX-2 protein, respectively. On the other hand, the positive control (diclofenac) showed a weaker binding energy of -7.5 kcal/mol. In conclusion, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and ursolic acid compounds have a strong inhibitory effect on COX-2 protein, indicating that they are viable natural candidates for the development of future antidiabetic therapies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Wahyuningsih, Bambang Rentoaji, Rarastoeti Pratiwi, L. Hartanto Nugroho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Scanner-Induced Variability in Multicenter PET Radiomics: Comparative Evaluation of Interpolation Methods and ComBat Harmonization
This study aimed to systematically evaluate scanner-induced variability in radiomic features extracted from multicenter [18F]-FDG PET scanners (Siemens, Philips, and GE) and to determine which interpolation method, when combined with ComBat harmonization, most effectively reduces feature variability across scanners. Pre-treated [¹⁸F]-FDG PET scans from 167 stage IIB/III NSCLC patients were obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archive (ACRIN 6668/RTOG 0235 trial). Primary tumors were delineated semi-automatically. The images and masks were resampled into isotropic voxel sizes of 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 mm³ using three interpolation methods, namely B-spline, Gaussian, and Nearest Neighbor. A total of 105 radiomic features were extracted. ComBat harmonization was applied to correct for batch effects between scanners. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal–Wallis test, effect size ε², and coefficient of variation (CV) to evaluate variability between scanners before and after ComBat harmonization. ComBat harmonization consistently reduced the variability of radiomic features that emerge from scanner differences. After ComBat harmonization, the Nearest Neighbor interpolation method demonstrated the best performance compared with the B-spline and Gaussian methods. Only 1 out of 105 radiomic features (~0.95%) remained a p-value < 0.05, while approximately 95 of 105 features (90.5%) had CV < 10%. The Nearest Neighbor method also produced the lowest average CV value compared to the B-spline and Gaussian. Radiomic features extracted from different types of scanners can increase radiomic feature variability. The use of Nearest Neighbor interpolation with ComBat harmonization is more effective in reducing radiomic feature variability between different scanners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vepy Asyana, Mohammad Haekal, Nila Prasetya Aryani, Deni Hardiansyah, Abdul Waris, Dr. rer. nat Freddy Haryanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Predictive Modeling of Globule Size Distribution in Double Emulsions Stabilized by Blended Surfactants and Nanoparticles using Hinze-Kolmogorov Theory
Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is effective for heavy metal extraction, with efficiency closely linked to stability, which is largely governed by the size of the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion globules. The applicability of Hinze-Kolmogorov theory for predicting Sauter mean diameters (D32) of W/O/W emulsion embedded with blended surfactant-nanoparticle was scrutinized. A MATLAB code was developed based on this theory and the experimental data on zinc extraction was used for validation. Afterwards, several parameters such as impeller diameter, agitation speed, interfacial tension, and holdup fraction were investigated. The developed model is viable for predicting globule size, with minimal average absolute relative deviation of less than 5%. The new empirical correlation with C1=0.0436 and C2=-3.2561 was obtained. Based on the simulation, it can be deduced that the impeller diameter and agitation speed are inversely proportional to the globule size, and smaller interfacial tensions typically produce smaller globules.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norasikin Othman, Tan Yi Hao, Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah, Norela Jusoh, Izzat Naim Shamsul Kahar, Sazmin Sufi Suliman, Shuhada A. Idrus-Saidi, Aishah Rosli http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Boundary Preserving with Attention-Guided Filtering Network for Retinal Vessel Segmentation
Accurate segmentation of retinal vessels is critical for the early detection of vision-threatening diseases. Although U-Net-based methods have shown strong performance, they often fail to capture thin vessels and preserve boundary details due to repeated downsampling. To overcome these limitations, we propose an enhanced U-shaped network that incorporates a multi-scale attention guided filtering module, allowing the model to retain edge details and suppress noise more effectively. Experiments conducted on the DRIVE, STARE, CHASE_DB1, and HRF datasets demonstrate that the proposed method consistently achieves the best results across multiple metrics. The improvements in F1 score and sensitivity confirm its capability to recover fine vascular structures and its potential for clinical application.
Copyright (c) 2026 zhihui liu, Mohd Shahrizal Sunar, Tian Swee tan, Hazabbah Wan Hitam wan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fabrication of Plasmonic Pt/Au-coated Micro-Peanut Fiber Probe Using Heat-and-Pull Technique for Enhanced Light Coupling Efficiency
The aim of this study is to fabricate a micro-lens for enhanced light coupling efficiency based on plasmonic effect by modifying the structure of fiber end into the micro-peanut shape using a low-cost heat-and-pull technique, coated with gold nanoparticles and platinum thin film. The fabrication process involves the usage of a Z2C core alignment fusion splicer by varying few important parameters including arc power, arc time, fiber pulling and fiber pulling length. During tapering, the fiber optics experienced structural modification from bi-tapered structure to the formation of micro-peanut fiber probe. Platinum thin film and gold nanoparticles in a form of nanospheres and nanorods are deposited onto the fiber probe to transport electromagnetic energy in micro and nanoscale with high efficiency. The transition process for forming the micro-peanut structure begins with the fabrication of a bi-tapered microfiber. This bi-tapered structure consists of two tapered regions, with tapered lengths ranging from 0.109 to 0.127 mm and taper angles between 53.68° and 65.10°. Subsequently, the micro-peanut probe develops a distinct peanut-like geometry, characterized by ellipsoidal sections with tip radii ranging from 0.051 to 0.080 mm. Greater nano-focusing assisted by surface plasmon polariton with maximum coupling efficiency up to 95.40% is successfully achieved by utilizing gold nanorods with a platinum-coated micro-peanut probe. The LSPR effect clearly enhances light–matter interactions, maximizing nano-focusing for light coupling and enabling optical trapping applications. This study presents a highly efficient light-coupling approach with broad potential applications, ranging from biosensing to biomedical fields.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Auni Afifah Ahmad Zahidi, Wan Maisarah Mukhtar, Wan Nursyafiqah Wan Harun, Razman Mohd Halim, Affa Rozana Abdul Rashid, Syahida Suhaimi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Change-Detected ARIMA (1,1,1) Time Series Using the Approximated and Exact ARL of the MEWMA Scheme
This study proposes an explicit analytical formulation for calculating the Average Run Length (ARL) of a modified Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MEWMA) control chart applied to an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average of order (1,1,1) time series model with exponential white noise. The developed explicit formula provides a closed-form solution that enables efficient computation and theoretical insight into the control chart’s performance. The derived ARL values are validated against those obtained using the Numerical Integral Equation (NIE) method, ensuring accuracy and reliability. The comparative analysis shows that the explicit formula yields results that closely match those from the NIE method, with negligible absolute percentage differences while significantly reducing computational time. Simulation studies across various parameter settings and real-world applications, including climate and commodity price datasets, further confirm the consistency and practical utility of the proposed approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yupaporn Areepong, Piyatida Phanthuna http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Soil Salinity and Physicochemical Drivers of Microbial Community Composition in the Desiccated Aral Sea Bed
For more than six decades following the desiccation of the Aral Sea, soil formation processes on the exposed seabed have undergone continuous development, leading to pronounced changes in physicochemical and biological properties. This study evaluates the influence of soil salinity and physicochemical parameters on microbial communities in newly formed soils of the dried Aral Sea bed. The investigated soils exhibited moderate to high salinity (EC 6.2–8.2 mS cm⁻¹) and slightly alkaline conditions (pH/H₂O 7.7–8.9), with low organic carbon (0.20–0.39%) and humus contents (0.35–0.68%). Carbonate and sulfate–chloride salts predominated, while soil textures ranged from heavy to light. Microbiological analyses indicated the ubiquitous presence of ammonifying and humus-decomposing microorganisms, whereas phosphate-solubilizing and oligonitrophilic bacteria were mainly associated with moderately saline soils. Actinomycetes and micromycetes were detected only sporadically. Statistical analyses revealed a strong positive correlation between electrical conductivity and soil pH (r = 0.85, p < 0.01), while most microbial indicators showed negative relationships with salinity and alkalinity. These results demonstrate that soil salinity and pH are key environmental drivers constraining microbial diversity and activity during early soil development in arid, saline post-lacustrine ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zafarjon Jabbarov, Tokhtasin Abdrakhmanov, Shokhrukh Abdullaev, Urol Nomozov, Husniddin Karimov, Dilafruz Makhkamova, Nurmukhammad Zafarjonov; Ilhomjon Aslanov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pomegranate Peel Extract and Hyaluronic Acid-Integrated Water-in-oil-in-water Double Emulsion and its Sensory Analysis for Topical Application
Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) offers a rich source of natural polyphenols for cosmetic applications, yet its incorporation into stable topical formulations remains challenging due to poor bioactive stability and skin permeability. This study aimed to develop a stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion co-loaded with PPE and hyaluronic acid (HA) using a high-energy two-step emulsification method, and to evaluate its physicochemical properties and consumer acceptability. The optimal formulation, identified through systematic screening of oil and xanthan gum concentrations, consisted of 15% grapeseed oil and 1.0% xanthan gum. Physicochemical characterization revealed that the emulsion possessed a mean droplet size of approximately 155 nm with a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index < 0.3), indicating a homogeneous system conducive to topical delivery. The formulation exhibited pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) rheological behavior, favorable for skin application, and maintained a skin-compatible pH (approximately 5.0) over 7 weeks of storage at 25°C. Stability studies demonstrated that the double emulsion resisted coalescence and Ostwald ripening throughout the storage period, with conductivity measurements confirming the structural integrity of the multiple emulsion system. Sensory evaluation by untrained panelists (n = 40) using a 9-point hedonic scale showed that the formulation achieved overall acceptance comparable to that of a commercial reference product, with particular preference noted for its fragrance and spreadability. These findings establish a foundational formulation strategy for incorporating PPE and HA into a physically stable W/O/W double emulsion with acceptable sensory properties. The systematic optimization approach and demonstration of resistance to key destabilization mechanisms distinguish this work from prior studies, though further biological and efficacy testing are required to substantiate any dermatological applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roswanira Abdul wahab, Ms, Prof Dr. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Muricins as Potential Natural B-cell Lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) Inhibitors: A Multiscale in Silico Approach Targeting Apoptosis and Chemoresistance in Cancer
Resistance to apoptosis mediated by overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) is notable in most cancers. Natural acetogenins, including muricin I and muricin H from Annona species, are structurally unique compounds with cytotoxic potential, yet their mechanisms of action in ovarian cancer remain unexplored. This study integrates molecular docking, ADMET profiling, network pharmacology, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the potential of muricin I and H as Bcl-xL inhibitors. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of muricin I/Bcl-xL and muricin H/Bcl-xL complexes with binding energies of –11.9 kcal/mol and –11.6 kcal/mol, respectively, suggesting potential inhibitory activity. ADMET analysis showed favourable pharmacokinetic profiles, including good oral bioavailability and low predicted toxicity (class IV). To further contextualize these findings, network pharmacology was employed to identify overlapping targets with ovarian cancer and apoptosis-related genes. Enrichment and protein–protein interaction analyses highlighted Bcl-xL and related apoptosis pathways as central nodes along with chemoresistance signalling, with key hub genes such as BCL2 and CASP3 linking to platinum resistance pathways. These findings reflect the polypharmacological nature of muricin compounds and suggest potential synergistic effects relevant to tumour progression. Finally, 100 ns of MD simulations confirmed the structural stability of muricins/Bcl-xL complexes, with consistent RMSD values of 1.29 ± 0.23 Å (muricin I) and 1.31 ± 0.16 Å (muricin H), supporting strong and stable binding interactions. This is the first study to identify muricin I and muricin H as Bcl-xL inhibitors, highlighting their potential as natural multi-target pro-apoptotic agents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kaynat Qurban Khimani, Wan Noraini Wan Sulaiman, Noraziah Nordin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration of ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Machine Learning for Age Prediction Model of Black Gel Pen Inks
Ink analysis provides a crucial function in forensic document examination for authentication, forgery detection, and ink dating. Today, black gel inks are widely used in both legal and non-legal documents, however they are difficult to analyse due to their pigment formulations, which undergo subtle chemical changes during ageing. Destructive techniques such as Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) can discriminate ink but are unsuitable for evidentiary purposes. Non-destructive Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy offers an alternative, yet spectral similarities among black gel inks necessitate advanced computational models to facilitate discrimination, classification and age prediction. In this study, predictive ageing models for black gel inks was developed by integrating ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with machine learning (ML). Thirty black gel inks from 23 brands were analysed. Ink lines made using the black gel ink samples were aged for twelve months under three different environmental conditions, and their infrared (IR) spectral data were recorded monthly over the period of 12 months. For age prediction, four classifiers namely Discriminant Analysis(DA), Support Vector Machine(SVM), k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN), and Decision Tree(DT) were trained on full mid-IR, fingerprint region, and PCA (Principal Component Analysis)-derived datasets. Performances of the classifiers were evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics), and Area Under the Curve (AUC). For age prediction, DA achieved the best accuracy (81.5%) with PCA features, outperforming SVM (76.1%), kNN (48.8%), and DT (40.2%). ROC-AUC values exceeded 90% across all classes. This study demonstrates that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy integrated with machine learning provides a reliable, non -destructive framework for black gel ink classification and age prediction, addressing limitations of destructive methods and strengthening forensic document analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Dzulkiflee Ismail, Wan Nur Syuhaila Mat Desa, Nur Atiqah Zaharulill, Nik Fakhuruddin Nik Hassan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Characterization of Ground Penetrating Radar Reflection Patterns in the Peatlands of Kubu Raya Regency, Indonesia
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses electromagnetic waves to map utilities and subsurface layers. It transmits electromagnetic waves, reflects them when they contact the medium, and then records them. Peatlands have unique properties, characterized by low density due to their composition of partially decomposed organic matter and a very high water storage capacity of up to 90% of the total volume. This research aims to interpret the reflection patterns in the subsurface layer of peatland areas. This research used a Plug-in Cobra GPR SE70 system operating at 80 MHz. The research location was in Rasau Jaya Sub-district, Kubu Raya Regency, Indonesia. Data acquisition in the field applied ten tracks with lengths varying from 162 m to 287 m. The data processing consisted of several stages, namely static correction, subtract-mean (dewow), Butterworth bandpass, background removal, average subtraction, and manual gain. The results showed that the reflection patterns on the peat layer showed random/irregular diffraction and undulated (hummocky) with high amplitude. In contrast, the reflection patterns on the clay layer showed parallel to wavy patterns with low amplitude. The results also showed that the peat layer thickness at the research location ranged from 1.07 m to 2.78 m. These findings serve as an essential reference for GPR surveys using the same approach in other areas to improve carbon reserve estimates and assess hydrological risks in peatlands of Kubu Raya Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mentari Adelia Lumban Tobing, Muhardi, Hans Andreas Elmaury Siregar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Tensor Flow Lite-Powered Wearable Navigation Assistant Using Raspberry Pi for Real-Time Obstacle Detection and Autonomous Mobility in the Visually Impaired
In year 2023, around 2.2 billion people globally have near or distance visual impairment. Previous systems lacked comprehensive functionality, focusing only on basic obstacle detection or standalone features like fall detection. Moreover, the studies struggled with bulky designs, poor low-light performance, and limited environmental awareness. To address these challenges, the study develops ObstaSense, a wearable Electronic-Travel-Aid (ETA) for obstacle detection and navigation assistance. The system employed TensorFlow Lite, a Raspberry Pi-5, and a Pi-Camera Module-V3 to detect objects (e.g., people, potholes, vehicles) and relay avoidance instructions via Bluetooth earbuds. Its Real-Time Navigation (RTN) feature combined Global Positioning System (GPS), a compass sensor, and Plus Codes for precise guidance, enhanced by Google’s Speech-To-Text (STT) and Text-to-Speech (TTS). Operating at 4–10 Frames Per Second (FPS), ObstaSense further integrated the Gemini Application programming interface (API) for multilingual (50-languages) image-to-text conversion. The system achieved consistent results by leveraging precise RTN functionality, which uses compass sensor data and vibration feedback to guide users accurately. Offline dataset training and evaluation were conducted solely to support the deployment of a real-time embedded assistive system on Raspberry Pi 5. Obstacle avoidance performance varied across rows, with the highest accuracy (100%) in the first row, followed by 66.7% in the third row and 50% in the second row. ObstaSense aids visually impaired, elderly, and cognitively impaired users, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 10 for inclusive well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leong Kah Meng, Ng Khai Le, Jahanzeb Sheikh, Ngeu Chee Hau @ Yeo Chee Hau, Tan Tian Swee, Kang Eng Siew, Chan Bun Seng, Chng Chern Wei, Jose-Javier Serrano Olmedo, Vasanthan A/L Maruthapillai http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antidiarrheal Activity of Amaranthus spinosus L. Leaf Extract in Castor Oil Induced Diarrhea and Gastrointestinal Motility Models in Mice
Diarrhea is a common digestive disorder characterized by frequent bowel movements and a shift in stool consistency toward a more liquid form. Amaranthus spinosus L., a plant known to contain tannins and flavonoids, is believed to have antidiarrheal potential due to its astringent properties, which may help reduce intestinal secretions. This study explored the antidiarrheal effect of the ethanolic extract of A.spinosus leaves in male mice. A total of 25 mice were divided into five groups: a negative control group receiving 0.5% CMC-Na suspension, a positive control group treated with Loperamide HCl (0.52 mg/kg BW), and three test groups receiving the A.spinosus extract at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg BW. Diarrhea was induced using castor oil (oleum ricini), and observations were made every 30 minutes over six hours, focusing on the onset of diarrhea, stool consistency, frequency of defecation, and overall duration of symptoms. The results showed that all doses of the extract had a measurable antidiarrheal effect, with higher doses producing stronger responses. Mice treated with the highest dose (100 mg/kg BW) experienced a delayed onset of diarrhea, fewer episodes, faster normalization of stool consistency, and shorter symptom duration. Statistically, the 100 mg/kg BW dose showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) compared to the Loperamide HCl treated group in delaying diarrhea onset and reducing defecation frequency. These findings support the potential use of A.spinosus leaf extract as a natural antidiarrheal agent, which may be associated with the presence of tannins and flavonoids identified through phytochemical screening. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of A.spinosus leaves demonstrated promising antidiarrheal activity in mice, especially at higher doses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ziza Putri Aisyia Fauzi, Rabiatul Hadawiyah, Dinda Sari Utami, Cut Intan Annisa Puteri, Nurul Suci, Rani Ardiani, Putri Tri Hartini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Topological Analysis and the Impact of Ecological Anomalies on Sea Turtle Hatching Success
Sea turtle hatching success is influenced by a complex combination of environmental, biological, and anthropogenic factors, making it essential to understand its dynamics for effective conservation planning. This study utilizes Ball Mapper, a topological data analysis (TDA) tool, alongside the Isolation Forest anomaly detection algorithm to investigate 10 years (2013–2023) of high-dimensional ecological data from a coastal sea turtle nesting site. The dataset includes monthly records of hatch rates, predator activity, fungal presence, and flooding events. The Ball Mapper topological graphs revealed consistent seasonal trends, with April, May, and June exhibiting the highest hatching success across years. Meanwhile, months like January and February showed consistently lower outcomes and shared structural similarities in the data topology. Isolation Forest identified months with extreme ecological stressors as anomalies; however, months such as May and June 2016 still achieved high hatching success, suggesting that the presence of some predators may have also played a role in natural biocontrol. The TDA and anomaly-based approaches provided a better understanding of the complex relationships driving hatching success, uncovering patterns not easily detected by conventional methods. By visualizing temporal and ecological variation in hatching outcomes, the research supports data-driven strategies to enhance sea turtle conservation in the face of increasing environmental variability and ecological pressure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ummu Atiqah Mohd Roslan, MOHD UZAIR RUSLI, Nur Fariha Syaqina Mohd Zulkepli, Madukpe Vine Nwabuisi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Crack Healing and Structural Recovery of Concrete Using Cytobacillus horneckiae-Induced Carbonate Precipitation
Concrete cracking poses a major durability challenge, accelerating reinforcement corrosion and reducing service life. Conventional repair methods such as epoxy injection and cementitious grouting are costly, unsustainable, and often ineffective for microcracks. This study evaluates the potential of Cytobacillus horneckiae, a resilient ureolytic bacterium, to promote microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) for sustainable crack remediation. Laboratory experiments assessed carbonate precipitation efficiency under varying conditions of pH, urea concentration, and temperature, alongside controlled crack-healing trials using a combined injection–diffusion method (CIDM). Results showed optimal CaCO₃ formation at pH 9, 0.75 M urea, and 35 °C, conditions consistent with concrete pore environments. Image analysis revealed a 90% reduction in surface crack area within 12 days, demonstrating accelerated healing compared with conventional injection methods. Mechanical testing indicated 75% recovery of tensile strength and ultimate load capacity, confirming partial restoration of structural integrity. FTIR spectra identified carbonate functional groups and calcite polymorphs, while SEM–EDX analyses confirmed the presence of Ca and O as dominant elements, validating biogenic CaCO₃ deposition within crack voids. Silicon traces reflected interactions with the concrete matrix, while negligible carbon detection was attributed to EDX limitations for light elements. Collectively, the findings highlight the effectiveness of C. horneckiae-mediated MICP in sealing cracks and restoring mechanical performance, offering an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical repair agents. However, incomplete depth sealing suggests that further optimization of bacterial delivery strategies is required to achieve long-term durability. This work expands the scope of MICP research beyond the conventional Sporosarcina pasteurii, providing new insights into the application of native bacterial strains for sustainable concrete self-healing technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 hazlami fikri Basri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainable Low-Cost Agro-Waste media as Alternatives for the Cultivation of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Lactic Acid Bacteria, or LAB, are widely used in the food industry, particularly in fermented products like yogurt, cheese, fermented meats and vegetables. This study examines the possibility of using agricultural waste (corn cob waste, banana peels, and mature coconut water), as plant-based alternatives in the proliferation of LAB. Wastes medium were used to grow two LAB strains, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BUM6 and Lactobacillus casei Shirota, and the growth were compared to that observed in commercial MRS broth and agar. The findings indicated that enrichment of corn cob media with mature coconut water promoted the growth of LAB as compared to the control MRS media. Banana peel media on the other hand had some or no bacterial growth (p < 0.05) probably due to some antimicrobial elements and absence of available nutrients. The corn cob had potential in offering a feasible and cost-effective alternative. The research focuses on the utilization of agricultural waste into culture media of microbial strains that can be used in resourceful biotechnology incorporating halal requirements and the original concepts of a circular economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuriylia Najihah Mohd Faizal, ILYANIE yaacob http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0