The Effects of Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) Towards Cytoplasmic Activity and DNA Integrity in Acanthamoeba sp. Paradigmatic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v22n3.3790Keywords:
Non-ionizing radiation, Frequency, Eukaryotic, Bioindicator, Cell viability, Autophagy, Necrosis, DNA integrity, Mode of cell deathAbstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with low frequency, usually used in communication (known as radiofrequency, 30kHz-300GHz) and generated by electricity (called extremely low-frequency, 3Hz-3kHz), known as the non-ionizing radiation (NIR) which lacks energy to induce ionization directly. In the current situation, the high exposure of NIR has been used for communication purposes. Wi-Fi is a wireless network that consists of at least one antenna, providing access to the internet and/or other wireless devices, such as laptops, computers, and mobile phones, which communicate wirelessly using Wi-Fi. The Wi-Fi produces different strengths of frequencies (3G, 4G and 5G). Acanthamoeba sp. is classified as an eukaryotic organism which is like human cells and acts as a good bioindicator for other eukaryotic organisms. Their morphological changes can be easily detected whether in healthy or unhealthy conditions. This study aims to investigate the effects of three different strengths of Wi-Fi frequency (3G, 4G and 5G) on the morphological changes in Acanthamoeba sp. The percentage of cell viability was observed by undergoing MTT assay technique. It was shown that the higher the frequency of NIR, 5G – the lower the cell viability counted. Light microscopy was used to observe morphological changes of the cell and cytoplasmic activity, under fluorescence microscopy and stain cells with the Acridine Orange and Propidium Iodide (AO/PI) dyes. Based on that, the frequencies of NIR are directly proportional to the cell death, autophagy and necrosis of Acanthamoeba sp. Precisely, the cell with treatment of 5G frequency of NIR showed the highest number of necrotic cells compared to 3G and 4G frequencies. Treatment using NIR frequencies has the potential to affect cellular health, and its presence in the environment is detrimental to living organisms. DNA integrity was observed by gel electrophoresis systems to determine the DNA fragmentation occurred after exposure to different strengths. DNA fragments showed that late autophagy and necrosis modes of cell death in cell.
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Copyright (c) 2026 AIDATUL AIFA MOHD TAJUDIN, Dr. Suzana, Thivyan Manisekaran, Ummu Mikyal Abdul Halim, Dr. Hazmin, Dr. Fatimah, Nur Humairah Amni Mohd Wuzri
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