Determination of selected heavy metals in airborne particles in industrial area: A baseline study

Authors

  • Azman Azid Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Siti Noor Syuhada Muhammad Amin Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Saiful Iskandar Khalit Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Salwani Ismail Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Mohd Saiful Samsudin Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Ku Mohd Kalkausar Ku Yusof Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Nurul Latiffah Abd Rani Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Mohammad Azizi Amran Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Kamaruzzaman Yunus Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
  • Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi Institute of Medical Science and Technology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n2.883

Keywords:

Airborne pollution, heavy metal pollution, industrial area, ICP-MS, industrial emission

Abstract

This study focuses on airborne heavy metal pollution in the industrial area. Eight points from Paka and Gebeng Industrial Area respectively were selected for this study within two monsoon seasons. The samples were analysed for heavy metals (Cd, As, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the mean concentration value of As, Pb and Cd for Paka were 5.0 ng/L ± 1.0, 107.0 ng/L ± 88.2, and 10.0 ng/L ± 7.5, respectively and Gebeng were 3.5 ng/L ± 1.5, 69.3 ng/L ± 59.3 and 5.1 ng/L ± 3.8, respectively in the southwest monsoon - much higher than the target value by European Commission in Directive 2004/107/EC and Directive 2008/50/EC. It could be concluded that the industrial and transportation emission were the major source of heavy metals in the atmosphere along the Paka and Gebeng Industrial Area. 

Author Biographies

Azman Azid, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

Faculty Bioresources and Food Industry

Siti Noor Syuhada Muhammad Amin, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

Unisza Science and Medicine Foundation Centre

Saiful Iskandar Khalit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

Faculty Bioresources and Food Industry

Salwani Ismail, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

Faculty of Medicine

Mohd Saiful Samsudin, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

Faculty Bioresources and Food Industry

Ku Mohd Kalkausar Ku Yusof, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

Faculty Bioresources and Food Industry

Nurul Latiffah Abd Rani, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

East Coast Environmental Research Institute

Mohammad Azizi Amran, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

Kulliyyah of Science

Kamaruzzaman Yunus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin

University of Kuala Lumpur

Ahmad Shakir Mohd Saudi, Institute of Medical Science and Technology

Faculty Bioresources and Food Industry

References

Adani, M., Mircea, M., D’Isidoro, M., Costa, M. P. & Silibello, C. 2015. Heavy metal modelling study over Italy: effects of grid resolution, lateral boundary conditions and foreign emissions on air concentrations. Water Air Soil Pollut. 226: 46. doi: 10.1007/s11270-015-2324-7.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2002. Toxicological profile for copper. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control.

Akhter, M. S. & Madany, I. S. 1993. Heavy metals in street and house dust in Bahrain. Water Air Soil Pollut. 66: 111–119.

Aksu, A. 2015. Source of metal pollution in the urban atmosphere (A case study: Tuzla, Istabul). J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 13: 79.

Arruti, A., Fernández-Olmo, I. & Irabien, A. 2010. Evaluation of the contribution of local sources to trace metals levels in urban PM2.5 and PM10 in the Cantabria region (Northern Spain). J. Environ. Monit. 12 (7): 1451–1458.

Azid, A., Rani, N. A. A., Samsudin, M. S., Khalit, S. I., Gasim, M. B., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Yunus, K., Saudi, A. S. M. & Yusof, K. M. K. K. 2017. Air quality modelling using chemometric techniques. J Fundam Appl Sci. 9 (2S): 443 – 466.

Azid, A., Juahir, H., Toriman, M. E., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Saudi, A. S. M., Hasnam, C. N. C., Aziz, N. A. A., Azaman, F.,

Latif, M. T., Zainuddin, S. F. M., Osman, M. R. & Yamin, M. 2014. Prediction of the level of air pollution using principal component analysis and artificial neural network techniques: a case study in Malaysia. Water Air Soil Pollut. 225: 2063. doi: 10.1007/s11270-014-2063-1

Beauchemin, D. 2006. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78: 4111-4136.

Callen, M. S., de la Cruz, M. T., Lopez, J. M., Navarro, M. V. & Mastral, A. M. 2009. Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of the PM10 in Zaragoza (Spain). Chemosphere. 76: 1120-1129.

Freije, A.M. 2015. Heavy metal, trace element and petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Arabian Gulf: Review. J Assoc of Arab Uni for Basic and Appl Sci. 17: 90-100.

Gbadebo, A.M. & Bankole, O.D. 2007. Analysis of potententially toxic metals in airborne cement dust around Sagamu South Western Nigeria. J Appl Sci. 7: 35-40.

Hassanien, M.A. 2009. Atmospheric heavy metals pollution: Exposure and prevention policies in Mediterranean basin. In: L. I. Simeonov et al. (eds.), Environmental heavy metal pollution and effects on child mental development: risk assessment and prevention strategies Pp. 287-307.

Ismail, A., Toriman, M.E., Juahir, H., Zain, S.M., Habir, N.L.A., Retnam, A., Kamarudin, M.K.A., Umar, R. & Azid, A. 2016. Spatial assessment and source identification of heavy metals pollution in surface water using several chemometric techniques. Mar Poll Bull. 106: 292-300.

Kampa, M. & Castanas, E. 2008. Human health effects of air pollution. Environ Poll. 151: 362-367.

Kwak, J-H., Kim, G., Kim,Y-J & Park, K. 2012. Determination of Heavy Metal Distribution in PM10 During Asian Dust and Local Pollution Events Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Aerosol Sci Techn. 46: 1079–1089.

Lee, C.S., Li, X., Shi, W., Cheung, S.C. & Thornton, I. (2006). Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong Kong: A study based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Sci Tot Environ. 356: 45-61.

Lippmann, M. 2009. Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hobokan, NJ.

Madany, I.M., Akhter, M.S. & Al Jowder, O.A. 1994. The correlations between heavy metals in residential indoor dust and outdoor street dust in Bahrain. Environ. Inter. 20 (4): 483–492.

Madany, I.M., Al-Aawi, Z. & Abdul Wahab, A. 1996. Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms from the coastal area of Bahrain. Water Air Soil Pollut. 91: 233–248.

Magas, O. K., Gunter, J. T. & Regens, J. L. 2007. Ambient Air Pollution and Daily Pediatric Hospitalizations for Asthma. Environ Sci Poll Res. 14: 19-23. Doi: 10.1065/espr2006.08.333

Mészáros, E. 1999. Fundamentals of atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.

Pacyna, J. M. 1996. Monitoring and assessment of metal contaminants in the air. In: Chang, L. W., Magos, L., Suzuli, T. (Eds.) Toxicology of metals. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 9-28.

Park, S. S. & Kim, Y. J. 2005. Source Contributions to Fine Particulate Matter in an Urban Atmosphere. Chemosphere 59: 217-226.

Prieditis, H. & Adamson, I.Y.R. 2002. Comparative pulmonary toxicity of various soluble metals found in urban particulate dusts. Exp. Lung Res. 28: 563-576.

Radojevic, M. & Bashkin, V. N. 2006. Practical environmental analysis. London, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.

Ripin, S.N.M., Hasan, S., Kamal, M.L. & Hashim, N.M. 2014. Analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metal in soil, Perlis. Malaysian J. Anal Sci. 18 (1): 155 – 161.

Smołka-Danielowska, D. 2006. Heavy metals in fly ash from a coal-fired power station in Poland. Polish J. Env. Stud. 15(6): 943-946.

Sträter, E., Westbeld, A. & Klemm, O. 2010. Pollution in coastal fog at Alto Patache, Northern Chile. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 17(9):1563-73.

Tchounwou P.B., Ishaque, A. & Schneider, J. 2001. Cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to cadmium chloride. Mol Cell Biochem. 222: 21–28.

Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. In:

Luch, A. (Ed.). Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology (pp. 133-164). Basel, Springer

Tchounwou, P., Newsome, C., Williams, J. & Glass, K. (2008). Copper-induced cytotoxicity and transcriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells. Metal Ions Biol Med. 10: 285–290.

Tchounwou, P. B., Centeno J. A. & Patlolla A. K. 2004a. Arsenic toxicity, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis – A health risk assessment and management approach. Mol Cell Biochem. 255: 47–55.

Tchounwou, P.B, Yedjou, C.G., Foxx, D., Ishaque, A. & Shen, E. 2004b. Lead-induced cytotoxicity andtranscriptional activation of stress genes in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). Mol Cell Biochem. 255:161–170.

Thomas, R. 2008. Practical Guide to ICP-MS: A Tutorial for Beginners. (Second Edition). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Tsai, Y. I. & Cheng, M. T. 2004. Characterization of chemical species in atmospheric aerosols in a metropolitan basin. Chemosphere 54: 1171-1181.

Wang, R., Balkanski, Y., Boucher, O., Bopp, L., Chappell, A., Ciais, P., Hauglustaine, D., Peñuelas, A. & Tao, S. 2015. Sources, transport and deposition of iron in the global atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15: 6247–6270.

WHO/FAO/IAEA 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. World Health Organization. Switzerland: Geneva.

Wild, P., Bourgkard, E. & Paris, C. 2009. Lung Cancer and Exposure to Metals: The Epidemiological Evidence. Meth Mol Biol. 472: 139-167. Doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_6.

Yedjou, C.G. & Tchounwou P.B. 2006. Oxidative stress in human leukemia cells (HL-60), human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) and human Jerkat-T cells exposed to arsenic trioxide. Metal Ions Biol Med. 9: 298–303.

Yedjou, G. C. & Tchounwou, P. B. 2007. In vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of arsenic trioxide on human leukemia cells using the MTT and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assays. Mol Cell Biochem. 301: 123–130.

Yedjou, G. C. & Tchounwou, P. B. 2008. N-acetyl-cysteine affords protection against lead-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Intl J Environ Res Public Health 4(2):132–137.

Downloads

Published

03-06-2018