The effect to flow rate characteristic on biodegradation of bone scaffold
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4-2.843Keywords:
Bone scaffold, Shear stress, Permeability, Flow rate, BiodegradationAbstract
This paper proposes an improved modeling approach for bone scaffolds biodegradation. In this study, the numerical analysis procedure and computer-based simulation were performed for the bone scaffolds with varying porosities in determining the wall shear stresses and the permeabilities along with their influences on the scaffolds biodegradation process while the bio-fluids flow through within followed with the change in the flow rates. Based on the experimental study by immersion testing from 0 to 72 hours of the time period, the specimens with different morphologies of the commercial bone scaffolds were collected into three groups samples of 30%, 41%, and 55% porosities. As the representative of the cancellous bone morphology, the morphological degradation was observed by using 3-D CAD scaffold models based on microcomputed tomography images. By applying the boundary conditions to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models, the wall shear stresses within the scaffolds due to fluid flow rates variation had been simulated and determined before and after degradation. The increase of fluid flow rates tends to raise the pressure drop for scaffold models with porosities lower than 50% before degradation. As the porosities increases, the pressure drop decreases with an increase in permeability within the scaffold. The flow rates have significant effects on scaffolds with higher pressure drops by introducing the wall shear stresses with the highest values and lower permeability. These findings indicate the importance of using accurate computational models to estimate shear stress and determine experimental conditions in perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering more accurate results will be achieved to indicate the natural distributions of fluid flow velocity, wall shear stress, and pressure.
References
L. M. McNamara and P. J. Prendergast, 2007. Bone remodeling algorithms incorporating both strain and microdamage stimuli. Journal of Biomechanics 40(6), 1381–1391.
C. Wittkowske, G.C. Reilly, D. Lacroix, and C.M. Perrault, 2016. In vitro bone cell models: Impact of fluid shear stress on bone formation. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 4(87), 1-22.
A. G. Mitsak, J. M. Kemppainen, M. T. Harris, and S. J. Hollister, 2011. Effect of polycaprolactone scaffold permeability on bone regeneration in vivo. Tissue Engineering: Part A 17(13&14), 1831–1839.
M. Bartnikowski, T. J. Klein, F. P. W. Melchels, and M. A. Woodruff, 2014. Effects of scaffold architecture on mechanical characteristics and osteoblast response to static and perfusion bioreactor cultures. Biotechnology and
Bioengineering 111(7), 1440–1451.
V. Serpooshan, M. Julien, O. Nguyen, H. Wang, A. Li, N. Muja, J. E. Henderson, and S. N. Nazhat, 2010. Reduced hydraulic permeability of three-dimensional collagen scaffolds attenuates gel contraction and promotes the growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomaterialia 6(10), 3978–3987.
J. M. Kemppainen and S. J. Hollister, 2010. Differential effects of designed scaffold permeability on chondrogenesis by chondrocytes and bone marrow stromal cells. Biomaterials 31(2), 279–287.
W. J. Hendrikson, A. J. Deegan, Y. Yang, C. A. Van Blitterswijk, N. Verdonschot, L. Moroni, and J. Rouwkema, 2017. Influence of additive manufactured scaffold architecture on the distribution of surface strains and fluid flow shear stress and expected osteochondral cell differentiation. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 5(6), 1–11.
R. Voronov, S. VanGordon, V. I. Sikavitsas, and D. V. Papavassiliou, 2010. Computational modeling of flow-induced shear stresses within 3D salt-leached porous scaffolds imaged via micro-CT. Journal of Biomechanics 43(7), 1279–1286.
F. J. O'Brien, B. A. Harley, M. A. Waller, I. V Yannas, L. J. Gibsond, and P. J. Prendergast, 2007. The effect of pore size on permeability and cell attachment in collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering. Technolology and Health Care 15(1), 3–17.
M. R. Dias, P. R. Fernandes, J. M. Guedes, and S. J. Hollister, 2012. Permeability analysis of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Journal of Biomechanics 45(6) 938–944.
A. Lesman, Y. Blinder, and S. Levenberg, 2010. Modeling of flow-induced shear stress applied on 3D cellular scaffolds: Implications for vascular tissue engineering. Biotechnolology and Bioengineering 105(3), 645–654.
F. Zhao, T. J. Vaughan, and L. M. McNamara, 2015. Quantification of fluid shear stress in bone tissue engineering scaffolds with spherical and cubical pore architectures. Biomechanic Model Mechanobiology 15(3), 561–577.
H. A. Almeida and P. J. Bártolo, 2014. Design of tissue engineering scaffolds based on hyperbolic surfaces : Structural numerical evaluation. Medical Engineering & Physics 36(8), 1033–1040.
C. T. Koh, D. G. T. Strange, K. Tonsomboon, and M. L. Oyen, 2013. Failure mechanisms in fibrous scaffolds. Acta Biomaterialia 9(7), 7326-7334.
M. R. Dias, J. M. Guedes, C. L. Flanagan, S. J. Hollister, and P.R. Fernandes, 2014. Optimization of scaffold design for bone tissue engineering: A computational and experimental study. Medical Engineering & Physics 36(4), 448-457.
Q. Zhang, H. Lu, N. Kawazoe, and G. Chen, 2014. Pore size effect of collagen scaffolds on cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomaterialia 10(5), 2005-2013.
F. R. Rose, L. A. Cyster, D. M. Grant, C. A. Scotchford, S. M. Howdle, and K. M. Shakesheff, 2004. In vitro
assessment of cell penetration into porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a central aligned channel. Biomaterials 25(24), 5507-5514.
V. Karageorgiou and D. Kaplan, 2005. Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials 26, 5474-5491.
S. M. Lien, L. Y. Ko, and T. A. Huang, 2009. Effect of pore size on ECM secretion and cell growth in gelatin scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia 5(2), 670-679.
C. M. Murphy, M. G. Haugh, and F. J. O'Brien, 2010. The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation, and migration in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 31(3), 461-466.
F. M. Klenke, Y. Liu, H. Yuan, E. B. Hunziker, K. A. Siebenrock, and W. Hofstetter, 2008. Impact of pore size on the vascularization and osseointegration of ceramic bone substitutes in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A 85(3), 777-786.
S. J. Hollister, C. Y. Lin, E. Saito, C. Y. Lin, R. D. Schek, J. M. Taboas, J. M. Williams, B. Partee, C. L. Flanagan, A. Diggs, E. N. Wilke, G. H. Van Lenthe, R. Mu¨ller, T. Wirtz, S. Das, S. E. Feinberg, and P. H. Krebsbach, 2005. Engineering craniofacial scaffolds. Orthod Craniofacial Res 8(3), 162-173.
C. Ji, A. Khademhosseini, and F. Dehghani, 2011. Enhancing cell penetration and proliferation in chitosan hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials 32(36), 9719-9729.
J. Zeltinger, J. K. Sherwood, D. A. Graham, R. Müeller, and L. G. Griffith, 2001. Effect of pore size and void fraction on cellular adhesion, proliferation, and matrix deposition. Tissue Engineering 7(5), 557-572.
P. Danilevicius, L. Georgiadi, C. J. Pateman, F. Claeyssens, M. Chatzinikolaidou, and M. Farsari, 2015. The effect of porosity on cell ingrowth into accurately defined, laser-made, polylactide-based 3D scaffolds. Applied Surface Science 336, 2-10.
C. Sandino, P. Kroliczek, D. D. McErlain, and S. K. Boyd, 2014. Predicting the permeability of trabecular bone by micro-computed tomography and finite element modeling. Journal of Biomechanics 47(12), 3129–3134.
R. P. Widmer and S. J. Ferguson, 2013. On the interrelationship of permeability and structural parameters of vertebral trabecular bone: a parametric computational study. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 16(8), 908-922.
A. Rahbari, H. Montazerian, E. Davoodi, and S. Homayoonfar, 2016. Predicting permeability of regular tissue engineering scaffolds: scaling analysis of pore architecture, scaffold length, and fluid flow rate effects. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 5842, 1–11.
A. Syahrom, M. Rafiq A. Kadir, J. Abdullah, and A. Öchsner, 2013. Permeability studies of artificial and natural cancellous bone structures. Medical Engineering & Physics 35(6), 792-799.
S. Truscello, G. Kerckhofs, S. Van Bael, G. Pyka, J. Schrooten, and H. Van Oosterwyck, 2012. Prediction of permeability of regular scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering: A combined computational and experimental study. Acta Biomaterialia 8(4), 1648-1658.
A. P. Md. Saad, N. Jasmawati, M. N. Harun, M. R. A. Kadir, H. Nur, H. Hermawan, and A. Syahrom, 2016. Dynamic degradation of porous magnesium under a simulated environment of human cancellous bone. Corrosion Science 112, 1-12.
A. P. Md. Saad, R. A. A. Rahim, M. N. Harun, H. Basri, J. Abdullah, M. R. A. Kadir, and A. Syahrom, 2017. The Influence of flowrates on the dynamic degradation behavior of porous magnesium under a simulated environment of human cancellous bone. Materials & Design 122, 268-279.
P. J. Reynisson, M. Scali, E. Smistad, E. F. Hofstad, H. O. Leira, F. Lindseth, T. A. N. Hernes, T. Amundsen, H. Sorger, and T. Langø, 2015. Airway segmentation and centerline extraction from thoracic CT - Comparison of a new method to state of the art commercialized methods. PLoS One 10(12), 1–20.
M. Navarro, A. Michiardi, O. Castano, and J.A. Planell, 2008. Biomaterials in orthopaedics. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 5, 1137-1158.
J. A. Sanz-Herrera and A. R. Boccaccini, 2011. Modelling bioactivity and degradation of bioactive glass based tissue engineering scaffolds. International Journal of Solids and Structures 48(2), 257-268.
P. W. Hui, P. C. Leung, and A. Sher, 1996. Fluid conductance of cancellous bone graft as a predictor for graft-host interface healing. Journal of Biomechanics 29(1), 123-132.
M. J. Grimm and J. L. Williams, 1997. Measurements of permeability in human calcaneal trabecular bone. Journal of Biomechanics 30(7), 743-745, 1997.
S. S. Kohles, J. B. Roberts, M. L. Upton, C. G. Wilson, L. J. Bonassar, and A. L. Schlichting, 2001. Direct perfusion measurements of cancellous bone anisotropic permeability. Journall of Biomechanics 34(9), 1197–1202.
E. A Nauman, K. E. Fong, and T. M. Keaveny, 1999. Dependence of intertrabecular permeability on flow direction and anatomic site. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 27, 517–524.
G. Baroud, R. Falk, M. Crookshank, S. Sponagel, and T. Steffen, 2004. Experimental and theoretical investigation of directional permeability of human vertebral cancellous bone for cement infiltration. Journal of Biomechanics 37(2), 189–196.
J. C. M. Teo and S. H. Teoh, 2012. Permeability study of vertebral cancellous bone using micro-computational fluid dynamics. Computer Methods in Biomedical Engineering 15(4), 417–423.
C. G. Jeong and S. J. Hollister, 2010. Mechanical, permeability, and degradation properties of 3D designed poly (1,8 Octanediol-co-Citrate) scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials 93(1), 141-149.
C.M. Agrawal, J.S. McKinney, D. Lanctot, and K.A. Athanasiou, 2000. Effects of fluid flow on the in vitro degradation kinetics of biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 21(23), 2443–2452.
T. S. Karande, J. L. Ong, and C. M. Agrawal, 2004. Diffusion in musculoskeletal tissue engineering scaffolds: design issues related to porosity, permeability, architecture, and nutrient mixing. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 32(12), 1728–1743.
B. Porter, R. Zauel, H. Stockman, R. Guldberg, and D. Fyhrie, 2005. 3-D computational modeling of media flow through scaffolds in a perfusion bioreactor. Journal of Biomechanics 38(3), 543–549.
Z. Chu, Q. Zheng, M. Guo, J. Yao, P. Xu, W Feng, Y. Hou, G. Zhou, L. Wang, X. Li, and Y. Fan, 2016. The effect of fluid shear stress on the in vitro degradation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid membranes. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 104(9), 2315–2324.
S. H. Cartmell, B. D. Porter, A. J. García, and R. E. Guldberg, 2003. Effects of Medium Perfusion Rate on Cell-Seeded Three-Dimensional Bone Constructs in Vitro. Tissue Engineering 9(6), 1197–1203.
M. E. Gomes, V. I. Sikavitsas, E. Behravesh, R. L. Reis, and A. G. Mikos, 2003. Effect of flow perfusion on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured on starch-based three-dimensional scaffolds. Journal Biomedical Materials Research Part A 67, 87–95.
