The effect of mass ratio on the flow characteristics of hydrogen-natural gas mixture using reduced order modelling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4-1.801Keywords:
Leak detection, gas mixture, hydrogen, natural gas, reduced order modellingAbstract
This work focuses on the development of a mathematical model as a viable alternative to pinpoint locations of gas leaks in a pipeline. The transient non-isothermal flow of hydrogen-natural gas mixture is considered because hydrogen is often transported in the same pipeline as natural gas to reduce the transportation cost. The mathematical model developed took into consideration the effect of the mass ratio of gas mixture. The gas mixture was assumed to be homogeneous and the transient pressure wave was created by the sudden or instantaneous closure of a downstream shut-off valve to ensure the attainment of minimum pressure at the downstream end within a short time. The governing equations were numerically solved using the reduced order modelling (ROM) technique, which had not been previously applied on non-isothermal models involving gas mixtures. Numerical results observed that the mass ratio of hydrogen to natural gas should not be more than 0.5 to ensure that leakage does not occur before the estimated leak position. An increase in the mass ratio leads to an increase in the pressure and celerity wave, while the leak location and the amount of leak discharge decrease.
References
Agaie, B. G. (2014). Numerical Computation of Transient Hydrogen Natural Gas Mixture in a Pipeline Using Reduced Order Modelling. Doctor Philosophy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai.
Agaie, B. G. and Amin, N. (2014). The Effect of Water Hammer on Pressure Oscillation of Hydrogen Natural Gas Transient Flow. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 554: 251–255.
Agaie, B. G., Khan, I., Alshomrani, A. S. and Alqahtani, A. M. (2017). Reduced-Order Modelling for High-Pressure Transient Flow of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixture. The European Physical Journal Plus. 132: 234.
Bade, S. O. and Karim, G. A. (1999). Hydrogen as Additive to Methane for Sparking Ignition Engine Applications. International Journal for Hydrogen Energy. 24(6): 1–9.
Behbahani-Nejad, M. and Shekari, Y. (2008). Reduced Order Modeling of Natural Gas Transient Flow in Pipelines. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 5(1): 148–152.
Behbahani-Nejad, M. and Shekari, Y. (2010). The Accuracy and Efficiency of a Reduced-Order Model for Transient Flow Analysis in Gas Pipelines. Journal of Pertoleum Science and Engineering. 73(1-2): 13–19.
Behbahani-Nejad, M., Haddadpour, H. and Esfahanian, V. (2004). Reduced Order Modeling of Unsteady Flows Without Static Correction Requirement. 24th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, ICAS. 29 August–3 September, 2004. Yokohama, Japan, 1–8.
Cheng, R. K., Littlejohn, D., Strakey, P. A. And Sidwell, T. (2009). Laboratory Investigation of a Low-Swirl Injection H2 and CH4 at Gas Turbine Conditions. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 32(2): 3001–3009.
Chiesa, P., Lozza, G. and Mazzocchi, L. (2001). Using Hydrogen as Gas Turbine Fuel. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 127: 1–8.
Veneri, O. (2011). Hydrogen as Future Energy Carrier. In Corbo, P., Migliardini, F. and Veneri, O (Eds.) Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles, Green Energy and Technology. 33–70. London: Springer-Verlag.
Elaoud, S. and Hadj-Taïeb, E. (2008). Transient Flow in Pipelines of High-Pressure Hydrogen Natural Gas Mixtures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 33(18): 4824–4832.
Elaoud, S. and Hadj-Taïeb, E. (2009). Leak Detection of Hydrogen Natural Gas Mixtures in Pipes Using the Pressure-Time Transient Analysis. Ecologic Vehicles Renewable Energies, EVER. 11–13 April, 2009. Monte Carlo, Monaco, 1–9.
Elaoud, S., Abdulhay, B. and Hadj-Taïeb, E. (2014). Effect of Hydrogen Injection into Natural Gas on the Mechanical Strength of Natural Gas Pipelines during Transportation. Archives of Mechanics. 66(4): 269–286.
Elaoud, S., Hadj-Taïeb, L. and Hadj-Taïeb, E. (2010). Leak Detection of Hydrogen Natural Gas Mixtures in Pipes Using the Characteristics Method of Specified Time Intervals. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 23: 637–645.
Giles, M. (1983). Eigenmode Analysis of Unsteady One-Dimensional Euler Equations. Hampton, Virginia: Institute for Computer Application in Science and Engineering NASA Langley Research Center. Hall, K. C. (1994). Eigenanalysis of Unsteady Flows about Airfoils, Cascades, and Wings. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Journal. 32(12): 2426–2432.
Hoeseldonackx, D. and D‘haeseleer, W. (2011). Concrete Transition Issues towards a Fully-Fledged Use of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier: Methodology and Modelling. International Journal for Hydrogen Energy. 34: 1–16.
Hoffmann, K. A. and Chiang, S. T. (2000). Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers Volume I. 4th Edition. Wichita, Kansas USA: A publication of Engineering Education System. Lydell, B. O. Y. (2000). Pipe Failure Probability-The Thomas Paper Revisited. Reliability Engineering and System Safety. 68: 1–11.
Michael, R. and Earl, D. (1996). Reduced Order Euler Equations for Unsteady Aerodynamic Flows-Numerical Techniques. AIAA 34th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. 15 – 18 January 1996. Reno, NV: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 34(8): 1578–1583.
Peet, T., Sagaut, P. and Charron, Y. (2009). Pressure Loss Reduction in Hydrogen Pipelines by Surface Restructuring. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 34(21): 8964-8973.
Sierens, R. and Rosseel, E. (2000). Variable Composition Hydrogen/Natural Gas Mixtures for Increased Engine Efficiency and Decreased Emissions. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 122: 1–6.
Subani, N. Amin, N and Agaie, B. G. (2017). Leak Detection of Non-Isothermal Flow of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixture. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. 48: 244–253.
Subani, N. and Amin, N. (2015). Analysis of Water Hammer with Different Closing Valve Laws on Transient Flow of Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixture. Abstract and Applied Analysis. 1–12.
Subani, N., Amin, N. and Agaie, B. G. (2015). Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixture Leak Detection Using Reduced Order Modelling. Applied and Computational Mathematics. 4 (3): 135–144.
Tabkhi, F., Azzaro-Pantel, C., Pibouleau, L. and Domenech, S. (2008). A Mathematical Framework for Modeling and Evaluating Natural Gas Pipeline Networks under Hydrogen Injection. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 33 (21): 6222–6231.
Turner, W. J. and Mudford, N. R. (1988). Leak Detection, Timing, Location and Sizing in a Gas Pipelines. Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 10(8): 609–627.
Uilhoorn, F. E. (2009). Dynamic Behaviour of Non-Isothermal Compressible Natural Gases Mixed with Hydrogen in Pipelines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 34(16): 6722–6729.
Veziroglu, T. N. and Barbir, F. (1992). Hydrogen: The Wonder Fuel. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 17(6): 391–404. Weber, M. and Perrin, J. (2008). Hydrogen Transport and Distribution. Hydrogen Technology. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 17(6): 129–149.
Wilkening, H. and Baraldi, D. (2007). CFD Modelling of Accidental Hydrogen Release from Pipelines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 32: 2206–2215.
