Morphological and Biochemical Responses of Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis in Different Zinc Concentrations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n4.2796Keywords:
Vigna unguiculata, Zinc, Physico-chemical properties, Soil propertiesAbstract
Zinc is an essential trace element required by plants. However, high zinc concentrations can lead to environmental pollution and plant toxicity. This research aimed to investigate how plants respond to different concentrations of zinc (0, 100, 200 and 300 ppm) in soil, using Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis (Yard long bean) as a model plant. A total of 12 parameters were collected including plant morphological characteristics such as plant height, leaf number, yield, root length, pod length and fresh weight. Furthermore, key biochemical properties including chlorophyll content, total protein content, total phenolic and flavonoid content in plants were analyzed, in addition to soil pH and electrical conductivity. These parameters were used to determine the morphological and biochemical responses of plants under zinc-stress conditions. The results indicated that different concentrations of zinc significantly decreased the leaf number and pod length V. unguiculata. Soil electrical conductivity was significantly high at 200 ppm zinc. Significant changes in total protein were observed in stems and pods. Moreover, the total phenolic content in leaves showed a significant increase with higher zinc concentrations, while the opposite trend was observed for total phenolic content in V. unguiculata pods. In summary, varying concentrations of zinc had a significant impact on various morphological and biochemical properties of V. unguiculata, exhibiting a distinct pattern specific to each organ. This suggests that V. unguiculata is responsive, adaptive and capable of tolerating abiotic stress induced by a broad range of zinc concentrations.
References
Angulo-Bejarano, P. I., Puente-Rivera, J., & Cruz-Ortega, R. (2021). Metal and metalloid toxicity in plants: An overview on molecular aspects. Plants, 10(4), 635.
Ghori, N. H., Ghori, T., Hayat, M. Q., Imadi, S. R., Gul, A., Altay, V., & Ozturk, M. (2019). Heavy metal stress and responses in plants. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 1807-1828.
Yan, A., Wang, Y., Tan, S.N., Mohd Yusof, M.L., Ghosh, S., & Chen, Z. (2020). Phytoremediation: A promising approach for revegetation of heavy metal-polluted land. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 359.
Neina, D. (2019) The role of soil pH in plant nutrition and soil remediation. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2019, 1-9.
Gupta, N., Ram, H., & Kumar, B. (2016). Mechanism of zinc absorption in plants: Uptake, transport, translocation and accumulation. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 15(1), 89-109.
White, P. J., Whiting, S. N., Baker, A. J., & Broadley, M. R. (2002). Does zinc move apoplastically to the xylem in roots of Thlaspi caerulescens? New Phytologist, 153, 201-207.
Alonso-Blázquez, N., García-Gómez, C., & Fernández, M. D. (2014). Influence of Zn contaminated soils in the antioxidative defence system of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) at different exposure times: Potential use as biomarkers. Ecotoxicology, 24(2), 279-291.
Emamverdian, A., Ding, Y., Mokhberdoran, F., & Xie, Y. (2015). Heavy metal stress
and some mechanisms of plant defense response. The Scientific World Journal, 2015, 1-18.
Mansoor, S., Ali Wani, O., Lone, J. K., Manhas, S., Kour, N., Alam, P., Ahmad, A., & Ahmad, P. (2022). Reactive oxygen species in plants: From source to sink. Antioxidants, 11(2), 225.
Hill, A. (2020, November 8). Are beans vegetables? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/are-beans-vegetables.
Milosevic, D. (2013). Characterization of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Collected from Southern Thailand and Its Tolerance to Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic Virus. [Master's thesis]. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32428763.pdf.
Singh, B. (Ed.). (2020). Cowpea: The food legume of the 21st century (Vol. 164). Crop Science Society of America, John Wiley & Sons, United States of America.
Mathew, D. C., Ho, Y., Gicana, R. G., Mathew, G. M., Chien, M., & Huang, C. (2015). A rhizosphere-associated symbiont, Photobacterium spp. Strain MELD1, and its targeted synergistic activity for Phytoprotection against mercury. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0121178.
Wang, W., Vignani, R., Scali, M., & Cresti, M. (2006). A universal and rapid protocol
for protein extraction from recalcitrant plant tissues for proteomic analysis. Electrophoresis, 27(13), 2782-2786.
Mohankumar, J. B., Uthira, L., & SU, M. (2018). Total phenolic content of organic and conventional green leafy
vegetables. Journal of Nutrition and Human Health, 2(1), 1-6.
Yosefi, Z., Tabaraki, R., Gharneh, H. A., & Mehrabi, A. A. (2010). Variation in antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and nitrate in spinach. International Journal of Vegetable Science, 16(3), 233-242.
Zou Y, Lu Y, Wei D (2004). Antioxidant activity of a flavonoid-rich extract of Hypericum perforatum L. in vitro. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 52, 5032-5039.
Sadeghzadeh, B. (2013). A review of zinc nutrition and plant breeding. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 13(4), 905-927.
Vassilev, A., Nikolova, A., Koleva, L., & Lidon, F. (2011). Effects of excess Zn on growth and photosynthetic performance of young bean plants. Journal of Phytology, 3(6), 58-62.
Alia, N.M., Sardar, K., Said, M., Salma, K., Sadia, A., Sadaf, S., Toqeer, A., & Miklas, S. (2015). Toxicity and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in a controlled environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 7400-7416.
Przedpełska, E., & Wierzbicka, M. (2007). Arabidopsis arenosa (Brassicaceae) from a
lead–zinc waste heap in southern Poland – A plant with high tolerance to heavy metals. Plant and Soil, 299(1-2), 43-53.
Zhang, P., Sun, L., Qin, J., Wan, J., Wang, R., Li, S., & Xu, J. (2018). cGMP is involved in Zn tolerance through the modulation of auxin redistribution in root tips. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 147, 22-30.
Otterson, D. W. (2015). Tech talk: (10) electrolytic conductivity measurement basics.
Measurement and Control, 48(8), 239-241.
Reade, G., Ottewill, G., & Walsh, F. (2000). Understanding electrical and electrolytic conductivity. Transactions of the IMF, 78(2), 89-92.
Savchenko, T., & Tikhonov, K. (2021). Oxidative stress-induced alteration of plant central metabolism. Life, 11(4), 304.
Varma, S., & Jangra, M. (2021). Heavy metals stress and defense strategies in plants: An overview. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(1), 608-614.
Pratyusha, S. (2022). Phenolic compounds in the plant development and defense: An overview. In M. Hasanuzzaman, & K. Nahar (Eds.), Plant Stress Physiology - Perspectives in Agriculture. IntechOpen.
Raigond, P., Raigond, B., Kaundal, B., Singh, B., Joshi, A., & Dutt, S. (2017). Effect of zinc nanoparticles on antioxidative system of potato plants. Journal of Environmental Biology, 38(3), 435.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Fenny Ungadau, Raihana Ridzuan, Fazilah Abd Manan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
