Thermal, Dynamic Mechanical, Mechanical and Flammability Properties of Halloysite Nanotubes Filled Polyamide 11 Nanocomposites

Nur Najma Athirah Azahari; Hazleen Anuar; Azman Hassan; Mohammed Jawaid; Zahurin Halim; Sani Amril Samsudin

doi:10.11113/mjfas.v19n2.2684

Authors

Nur Najma Athirah Azahari Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Hazleen Anuar Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Azman Hassan School of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Mohammed Jawaid Department of Biocomposite Technology Lab, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Zahurin Halim Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100 Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Sani Amril Samsudin School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v19n2.2684

Keywords:

Polyamide, Halloysite nanotubes, nanocomposites, mechanical properties, flammability properties

Abstract

The effects of various filler contents on the thermal, dynamic mechanical, mechanical, as well as flammability properties of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) filler and polyamide 11 (PA 11) matrixes are investigated in this research. The nanocomposites were made out of 100 phr of PA 11 and three distinct HNTs loadings of 2, 4, and 6 phr each. PA 11 nanocomposites without HNTs filler was used as the reference sample. To melt-compound the nanocomposites, a twin-screw extruder was used, and the specimen for testing was then injected using an injection mold. SEM, TGA, DSC, FTIR, DMA, tensile, flexural, impact, and UL-94 flammability tests were conducted on the nanocomposites. Incorporation of 4 phr HNTs into the nanocomposites resulted in the highest tensile and flexural strength. Maximum improvement in the DMA, Young’s and flexural modulus was achieved at 6 phr HNTs content. The elongation at break and TGA resulted the highest increase at 2 phr HNTs content. However, the impact strength decreased with increasing HNTs content. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the ductility of the nanocomposites with increased HNTs content up to 4 phr. The DSC showed a steady increase in melting temperature (T_m) as HNTs content increased up to 4 phr, while the crystallization temperature (T_c) remained unchanged. TGA of PA 11/HNTs nanocomposites showed high thermal stability at 2 phr HNTs content. However, on further addition of HNTs up to 6 phr, thermal stability of the nanocomposites decreased due to the excess amount of HNTs. All the nanocomposites passed the horizontal and vertical UL-94 test with HB and V-2 grade. PA 11/4HNTs nanocomposite has the highest tensile strength, flexural strength compared to other PA 11/HNTs nanocomposites. PA 11/4HNTs nanocomposite can be suggested as an optimum formulation with balanced mechanical properties in terms of toughness.

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