Sequestering of iron and lead from groundwater using chemically modified Cucumis melo rind
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n1.1645Keywords:
Biosorption, Biosorbent, Cucumis melo, Groundwater, Fe ion, Pb ionAbstract
Heavy metal contamination in groundwater is among the significant environmental issues which require high priority of remediation action due to its importance in our daily life. This study intended to upcycle Cucumis melo (C. melo) rind which a waste from agricultural industries as natural adsorbent to remove iron (Fe) and lead (Pb) ions from groundwater. The efficiency of C. melo rind to remove Fe and Pb under pre-determined optimum conditions were analyzed and the result showed that metal removal was up to 96.83 % for Fe and 94.88 % for Pb ions under Fe ion-optimized working conditions. While under Pb ion-optimized working conditions, the removal percentage obtained were up to 87.19 % for Fe and 95.09 % for Pb ion. Adsorption isotherm analysis data of both metal ions were fitted well to the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 5.35 mg/g and 0.08 mg/g for Fe and Pb ions respectively. The kinetics experimental data correlated well with the pseudo-second order kinetics model. From the characterization study of the biosorbent using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), X-ray fluorescent spectrophotometry (XRF) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), ion exchange and micro precipitation were estimated to be the main mechanism governing the biosorption process by C. melo rind. The results demonstrated that C. melo rind has the potential to be developed as the adsorbent material for the removal of Fe and Pb ions from groundwater.
References
Abdul Aziz, N, Othman, N. (2017). Soil characterization and groundwater quality. MATEC Web of Conferences, 103, 1-7.
A-Jacques, R., Lima, E. C., Dias, S. L. P., Mazzocato, A. C., Pavan, F. A. (2007). Yellow passion-fruit shell as biosorbent to remove Cr (III) and Pb (II) from aqueous solution. Separation and Purification Technology, 57(1), 193-198.
Azimah, N. M. A. (2012). Potential of using Rosa centifolia to remove iron and manganese in groundwater treatment (Master thesis). Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Batu Pahat.
Azizul-Rahman, M. F. H., Mohd-Suhaimi, A. A., Othman, N. (2014). Biosorption of Pb (II) and Zn (II) in synthetic wastewater by watermelon rind (Citrullus lunatus). Applied Mechanics and Materials, 465-466, 906-910.
Chatterjee, A., Schiewer, S. (2014). Effect of competing cations (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Ca) in fixed-bed column biosorption and desorption from citrus peels. Water Air Soil Pollution, 225(1854), 1-13.
El-Araby, R., Hawash, S., El Diwani, G. (2009). Treatment of iron and manganese in simulated groundwater via ozone technology. Desalination, 249(3), 1345-1349.
Festus, A. A., Elvis, O. A., Morayo, A. B. (2013). Equilibrium sorption of lead and nickel from solutions by flame of the forest (Delonix regia) pods: Kinetics and isothermic study. Journal of Environmental Protectionl, 4(3), 261-269.
Gerola, G. P., Boas, N. V., Caetano, J., Tarley, C. R. T., Gonvalves Jr, A. C., Dragunski, D. C. (2013). Utilization of passion fruit skin by-product as lead (II) ion biosorbent. Water Air Soil Pollution, 224(1446), 1-11.
Hamilton, I. M., Gilmore, W. S., Strain, J. J. (2000). Marginal copper deficiency and atherosclerosis. Biological Trace Element Research, 78(1-3), 179-189.
Hashim, M. A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Sahu, J. N., Sengupta, B. (2011). Remediation technologies for heavy metal contaminated groundwater. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(10), 2355-2388.
Ho, Y. S. (2004). Pseudo-isotherms using a second order kinetics expression constant. Adsorption, 10(2), 151-158.
Igwe, J. C., Abia, A. A. (2007). Equilibrium sorption isotherm studies of Cd (II), Pb (II) and Zn (II) ions detoxification from wastewater using unmodified and EDTA-modified maize husk. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 10(4), 536-548.
Iqbal, M., Saeed, A., and Zafar, S. I. (2009). FTIR spectrophotometry, kinetics and adsorption isotherms modeling, ion exchange and EDX analysis for understanding the mechanism of Cd and Pb removal by mango peel waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(1), 161-171.
Kamaruudzaman, A. N., Tay, C. C., Ab Jalil, M. F., Abdul-Talib, S. (2013). Biosorption of iron (III) from aqueous solution using Pleurotus ostreatus spent mushroom compost as biosorbent. Advanced Materials Research, 781-784, 636-642.
Khamidun, M. H., Fulazzaky, M. A., Din, M. F. M., Yusoff, A. R. M. (2014). Resistance of mass transfer, kinetic and isotherm study of ammonium removal by using a Hybrid Plug-Flow Column Reactor (HPFCR). In W. P. Sun, J. C. M. Kao, and R. Chen (Eds.), Environment, Energy and Sustainable Development. Taylor & Francis Group, London.
Langmuir, I. (1916). The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. American Chemistry Society, 38(11), 2221 - 2295.
MOH. (2010). National Guidelines for Raw Drinking Water Quality. Retrieved from http://kmam.moh.gov.my/public-user/drinking-water-quality-standar d.html
Mohamad Roslan, M. K., Mohd Kamil, Y., Wan Nor Azmin, S., Mat Yusoff, A. (2007). Creation of a groundwater quality index for an open municipal landfill area. Malaysian Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 1(2), 181-192.
Mohd-Asharuddin, S., Othman, N., Zin, N. S. M., Tajarudin, H. A. (2017). A chemical and morphological study of cassava peel: A potential waste as coagulant aid. MATEC Web of Conferences, 103, 1-8.
Mohd-Asharuddin, S., Othman, N., Zin, N. S. M., Tajarudin, H. A., Din, M. F. M. (2019). Flocculation and antibacterial performance of dual coagulant system of modified cassava peel starch and alum. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 31, 1-13.
Noor-Syuhadah, S., Rohasliney, H. (2012). Rice husk as biosorbent: A Review. Health and the Environmental Journal, 3(1), 1-7.
Nurazim, I., Hamidi, A. A., Mohd Suffian, Y. (2015). Heavy metals concentration in river and pumping well water for riverbank filtration (RBF) system: case study in Sungai Kerian. Jurnal Teknologi, 74(11), 59–67.
Othman, N., Mohd-Asharuddin, S. (2012). Local fruit waste as a potential biosorbent for wastewater containing heavy metals: An overview. IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications, 352-356.
Othman, N., Mohd-Asharuddin, S. (2013). Cucumis melo rind as biosorbent to remove Fe (II) and Mn (II) from synthetic groundwater solution. Advanced Materials Research, 795, 266-271.
Othman, N., Kueh, Y. S., Azizul-Rahman, F. H., Hamdan, R. (2014). Watermelon rind: A Potential Adsorbent for zinc removal. Applied Mechanics and Material, 680, 146-149.
Othman, N., Mohd-Asharuddin, S., Azizul-Rahman, M. F. H. (2013). An overview of fruit waste as sustainable adsorbent for heavy metal removal. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 389, 29-35.
Rao, K. S., Mohapatra, M., Anand, S., Venkateswarlu, P. (2010). Review on cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 2(7), 81-103.
Muhammad, R. M., Masdek, N. R. N. M. (2016). Overview of Melon Industry in Malaysia. FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform. Retrieved from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.php?id=677.
APHA (1998). Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater (20th ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Work Association and Water Environment Federation.
Valdman, E., Leite, S. G. F. (2000). Biosorption of Cd, Zn and Cu by Sargassum sp. waste biomass. Bioprocess Engineering, 22(2), 171-173.
Volesky, B., Holan, Z. R. (1995). Biosorption of heavy metals. Biotechnology Progress Journal, 11(3), 235 - 250.
WHO (World Health Organization). 2004. Guidelines for drinking water quality recommendations. 3(1). Geneva: WHO.
Yesim, S., Yucel, A. (2000). Mass transfer and equilibrium studies for the sorption of chromium ions onto chitin. Process Biochemistry, 36(1-2), 157–173.
Zayadi, N., Othman, N. (2013). Characterization and optimization of heavy metals biosorption by fishscales. Advanced Material Research, 795, 260-265.
Zheng, H., Liu, D., Zheng, Y., Liang, S., Liu, Z. (2009). Sorption isotherm and kinetic modeling of aniline on Cr-bentonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3),141–147.
