Catalytic transesterification of glycerol: Optimization for production of glycerol carbonate
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2.1090Keywords:
Transesterification, , glycerol carbonate, calcium oxideAbstract
The purpose of this research was to study the effect of reaction temperature, reaction time and dimethyl carbonate:glycerol (DMC:Gly) molar ratio on the conversion of glycerol and yield of glycerol carbonate. The reaction was further optimized with central composite design (CCD), 15 runs of transesterification reaction were conducted. Meanwhile, the calcined calcium oxide catalyst was fixed at catalyst/glycerol molar ratio at 0.06 while the stirring rate was maintained at 1000 rpm for every runs. ANOVA results indicated that reaction temperature and reactants ratio (DMC:Gly) influenced the yield significantly. Synergy effect of reaction temperature with reaction time and reaction temperature with DMC:Gly molar ratio seem to have greater significance on the conversion instead of a single parameter. Under optimization studies, the maximum possible conversion and yield were 100% and 96.36% respectively which could be accomplished at 60.16 °C reaction temperature with 1.19 hour reaction time and 3.04 DMC:Gly molar ratio. Compared to the highest conversion (96.22%) and yield (95.83%) achieved before the optimization with reaction carried out at 60 °C, after 1.5 hours and at 3:1 DMC:Gly molar ratio, the optimization had resulted in the higher conversion with moderate reaction temperature and shorter reaction time.
References
Buasri, A., Chaiyut, N., Loryuenyong, V., Worawanitchaphong, P., Trongyong, S. 2013. Calcium oxide derived from waste shells of mussel, cockle, and scallop as the heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1-7.
Chiappe, C., Rajamani, S. 2011. Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate in basic ionic liquids. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 84(3), 755-762.
Climent, M. J., Corma, A., De Frutos, P., Iborra, S., Noy, M., Velty, A., Concepción, P. 2010. Chemicals from biomass: Synthesis of glycerol carbonate by transesterification and carbonylation with urea with hydrotalcite catalysts. The role of acid-base pairs. Journal of Catalysis, 269(1), 140-149.
Coldea, T. E., Socaciu, C., Fetea, F., Ranga, F. A., Pop, R. M., Florea, M. 2013. Rapid quantitative analysis of ethanol and
prediction of methanol content in traditional fruit brandies from romania, using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(1), 143-149.
Farndon, J. 2000. Calcium (1st ed.). New York: Benchmark Books.
Gupta, C. K. 2006. Chemical metallurgy: Principles and practice. Weinheim: John Wiley & Sons.
Herbert, J. M. 1985. Ceramic dielectrics and capacitors (Vol. 6). Switzerland: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.
Indran, V. P., Zuhaimi, N. A. S., Deraman, M. A., Maniam, G. P., Yusoff, M. M., Hin, T. Y. Y., Rahim, M. H. A. 2014. An accelerated route of glycerol carbonate formation from glycerol using waste boiler ash as catalyst. RSC Advances, 4(48), 25257-25257.
Kogel, J. E., Trivedi, N. C., Barker, J. M., Krukowski, S. T. 2006. Industrial minerals & rocks: Commodities, markets, and uses (7th ed.). Colorado: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.
Kotz, J., Treichel, P., Townsend, J. 2008. Chemistry and chemical reactivity (7th ed.). Canada: Cengage Learning.
Kowalski, S. J. 2012. Thermomechanics of drying processes (1st ed.). New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Lanjekar, K., Rathod, V. K. 2013. Utilization of glycerol for the production of glycerol carbonate through greener route. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1(4), 1231-1236.
Lesbani, A., Ceria Sitompul, S. O., Mohadi, R., Hidayati, N. 2016. Characterization and utilization of calcium oxide (cao) thermally decomposed from fish bones as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Makara Journal of Technology, 20(3), 121-121.
Letcher, T. M., Scott, J. L. 2012. Materials for a sustainable future. United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry.
Li, J., Wang, T. 2011. Chemical equilibrium of glycerol carbonate synthesis from glycerol. Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 43(5), 731-736.
Lips-Wiersma, M., Dean, K. L., Fornaciari, C. J. 2009. Theorizing the dark side of the workplace spirituality movement. Journal of management inquiry, 18(4), 288-300.
Malyaadri, M., Jagadeeswaraiah, K., Sai Prasad, P. S., Lingaiah, N. 2011. Synthesis of glycerol carbonate by transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate over Mg/Al/Zr catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 401(1), 153-157.
Mathers, R. T., Meier, M. A. R. 2011. Green polymerization methods: Renewable starting materials, catalysis and waste reduction. Weinheim:Wiley.
Mohadi, R., Anggraini, K., Riyanti, F., Lesbani, A. 2016. Preparation calcium oxide (CaO) from chicken eggshells. Sriwijaya Journal of Environment, 1(2), 32-35.
Ochoa-Gómez, J. R., Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi, O., Maestro-Madurga, B., Pesquera-Rodríguez, A., Ramírez-López, C., Lorenzo-Ibarreta, L., Torrecilla-Soria, J., Villarán-Velasco, M. C. 2009. Synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate by transesterification: Catalyst screening and reaction optimization. Applied Catalysis A: General, 366(2), 315-324.
Pan, S., Zheng, L., Nie, R., Xia, S., Chen, P., Hou, Z. 2012. Transesterification of glycerol with dimethyl carbonate to glycerol carbonate over Na–based zeolites. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 33(11-12), 1772-1777.
Rokicki, G., Rakoczy, P., Parzuchowski, P., Sobiecki, M. 2005. Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers obtained from environmentally benign monomer: Glycerol carbonate. Green Chemistry, 7(7), 529-529.
Simanjuntak, F. S. H., Kim, T. K., Lee, S. D., Ahn, B. S., Kim, H. S., Lee, H. 2011. CaO-catalyzed synthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate: Isolation and characterization of an active Ca species. Applied Catalysis A: General, 401(1-2), 220-225.
Sonnati, M. O., Amigoni, S., Taffin de Givenchy, E. P., Darmanin, T., Choulet, O., Guittard, F. 2013. Glycerol carbonate as a versatile building block for tomorrow: Synthesis, reactivity, properties and applications. Green Chemistry, 15(2), 283-306.
Stanmore, B. R., Gilot, P. 2005. Review — Calcination and carbonation of limestone during thermal cycling for CO2 sequestration. Fuel Processing Technology, 86(16), 1707-1743.
Tangboriboon, N., Kunanuruksapong, R., Sirivat, A. 2012. Preparation and properties of calcium oxide from eggshells via calcination. Materials Science-Poland, 30(4), 313-322.
Teng, W. K., Ngoh, G. C., Yusoff, R., Aroua, M. K. 2014. A review on the performance of glycerol carbonate production via catalytic transesterification: Effects of influencing parameters. Energy Conversion and Management, 88, 484-497.
Tudorache, M., Negoi, A., Tudora, B., Parvulescu, V. I. 2014. Environmental-friendly strategy for biocatalytic conversion of waste glycerol to glycerol carbonate. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 146, 274-278.
Verma, C. L. 1993. Vertical-shaft limekiln technology. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlments (Habitat).
Zabeti, M., Wan Daud, W. M. A., Aroua, M. K. 2009. Activity of solid catalysts for biodiesel production: A review. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(6), 770-777.
Zhang, Z., Rackemann, D. W., Doherty, W. O. S., O’Hara, I. M. 2013. Glycerol carbonate as green solvent for pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 6(1), 153-153.
