Development of water quality index of ex-mining ponds in Malaysia

Authors

  • Isa Baba Koki 1- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. 2- Department of Chemistry, Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano, PMB 3220 Kano Nigeria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-1059
  • Sharifuddin Md Zain
  • Low Kah Hin
  • Azman Azid
  • Hafizan Juahir
  • Munirah Abdul Zali

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2019.1079

Keywords:

Water Quality Index, Chemometric, Heavy metals, Ex-mining pond, Pollution

Abstract

In this paper, a study on the development  of water quality index of ex-mining ponds was carried out for proper assessment  and utilization of the abundant ex-mining ponds in Malaysia. Heavy metals were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICPMS), and physico chemical parameters were analyzed in-situ. Chemometric analysis was successfully applied for the parameter selection process. The water quality index of existing Malaysian river did not accommodate the toxic metal pollutants that dominanted in ex-mining water. The acceptable index should therefore incorporate the metal pollutants in order to evaluate the quality status of ex-mining water for human consumption which is the major point of consideration. Two water quality indices were developed to assess the water quality status of ex-mining ponds with reference to Malaysia’s water quality standard (INWQS). The heavy metal index was comprised of contribution from Pb, As, and Cd as the selected metals, while the physico-chemical parameter index has BOD, pH, DO, and AN. Chemometric analysis revealed the dominance of the selected heavy metals in ex-mining water, and physico-chemical parameters were important in water quality monitoring. Heavy metal water quality index revealed that most ex-mining ponds in Klang Valley were classified to be very poor hence could not be used for human consumption. Due to domestic input in some of the lakes in Klang Valley, the physico-chemical water quality index was in very poor status as well.  In Melaka and Negeri Sembilan, ex-mining ponds and lakes were classified as excellent in both indices.    

Author Biography

Isa Baba Koki, 1- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. 2- Department of Chemistry, Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano, PMB 3220 Kano Nigeria

Research Associate, department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

 

References

Abbasi, T., Abbasi, S. A. 2012. Water quality indices. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Mustapha, A., Aris, A. Z, Juahir, H., Ramli, M. F., Kura, N. U. 2013. River water quality assessment using environmentric techniques: Case study of Jakara River Basin. Environ Sci Pollut Res., 20, 8, 5630-5644.

Althuwaynee, O. F., Pradhan, B., Lee, S. 2012. Application of an evidential belief function model in landslide susceptibility mapping. Comput Geosci, 44, 120-135.

Ashraf, M. A., Maah, M. J., Yusoff, I. B. 2010. Study of water quality and heavy metals in soil & water of ex-mining area Bestari Jaya, peninsular Malaysia. Int. J. Basic Appl, Sci., 10, 3, 7-27.

Ashraf, M. A., Maah, M. J., Yusoff, I. 2011. Analysis of physio- chemical parameters and distribution of heavy metals in soil and water of exmining area of Bestari Jaya, Peninsular Malaysia. Asian J. Chem. 23, 8, 3493–3499.

Atanacković, N., Dragišić, V., Stojković, J., Papić, P., Živanović, V. 2013. Hydrochemical characteristics of mine waters from abandoned mining sites in Serbia and their impact on surface water quality. Environ Sci Pollut Res., 20, 11, 7615-7626.

Asami, T., Katayama, H., Torrey, J. R., Visvanathan, C., Furumai, H. 2016. Evaluation of virus removal efficiency of coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration processes in a drinking water treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand. Water Res., 101, 84-94.

Ayekoe, C. Y., Robert, D., Lanciné, D. G. 2017. Combination of coagulation-flocculation and heterogeneous photocatalysis for improving the removal of humic substances in real treated water from Agbô River (Ivory-Coast). Catal. Today., 281, 2-13.

Azzlan, A., Cheong, C. B., Lau, K. L. 2016. Sustainable water management for water supply efficiency: A case study at Syarikat Air Melaka Berhad. J. Technol. Manag. Bus., 3, 1, 1-21.

Balamurugan, G. 1991. Tin mining and sediment supply in Peninsular Malaysia with special reference to the Kelang River basin. Environmentalist 11, 281-291.

Bhuiyan, M. A., Parvez, L., Islam, M., Dampare, S. B., Suzuki, S. 2010. Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. J. Hazard Mater., 173, 1, 384-392.

Bhutiani, R., Khanna, D., Kulkarni, D. B., Ruhela, M. 2016. Assessment of Ganga river ecosystem at Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India with reference to water quality indices. Appl Water Sci. 6, 2, 107-113.

Boyacioglu, H. 2007. Development of a water quality index based on a European classification scheme. Water Sa, 33, 1, 101-106.

Cude, C. G. 2001. Oregon water quality index a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. J. Am Water Resour Assoc., 37, 1, 125-137.

Dahlberg, D., Ivanovic, J., Hassel, B. 2016. Toxic levels of ammonia in human brain abscess. J. Neurosurg., 124, 3, 854-860.

DOE, 2012. Department of Environment. Malaysia: Environmental Quality Act Report, Ministry of Science, Technology and th Environment, Putrajaya, Malaysia.

Gao, Q., Li, Y., Cheng, Q., Yu, M., Hu, B., Wang, Z., Yu, Z. 2016. Analysis and assessment of the nutrients, biochemical indexes and heavy metals in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, from 2008 to 2013. Water Res., 92, 262-274.

Ghani, A., Azirun, M., Ramli, R., Hashim, R. 2008. Geochemical contrast between Beroga (Kuala Kelawang pluton) and Semenyih (Kuala Lumpur pluton) granites in Kuala Kelawang area, Negeri Sembilan. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, 54, 71-47.

Gupta, A., Gupta, S., Patil, R. S. 2003. A comparison of water quality indices for coastal water. J. Environ Sci Health A, 38, 11, 2711-2725.

Hernández-Romero, A. H., Tovilla-Hernández, C., Malo, E. A., Bello-Mendoza, R. 2004. Water quality and presence of pesticides in a tropical coastal wetland in southern Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48, 11–12, 1130–1141.

Kazi T. G., Arain M. B., Jamali M. K., Jalbani N., Afridi H. I., Sarfraz R. A., Baig J. A., Shah A. Q. 2009. Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 72, 301–309.

Khatri, N., Tyagi, S. 2015. Influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on surface and groundwater quality in rural and urban areas. Front Life Sci., 8, 1, 23-39.

Koki, I. B., Low, K. H., Juahir, H., Azid, A., Zain, S. M. 2017. Assessment of water quality of man-made lakes in Klang Valley (Malaysia): the impact of mining. Desalin Water Treat. 74, 125-136.

Koki, I. B., Low, K. H., Juahir, H., Azid, A., M. A. Zali, Zain, S. M., 2018. Consumption of water from ex-mining ponds in Klang Valley and Melaka, Malaysia: A health risk study. Chemosphere, 195, 641 – 652.

Low, K. H., Koki, I. B., Juahir, H., Behkami, S., Ikram, R., Mohammed, H. A., Zain, S. M. 2016. Evaluation of water quality variation in lakes, rivers, and ex-mining ponds in Malaysia (review). Desalin. Water Treat, 57, 58, 28215-28239.

Lumb, A., Sharma, T., Bibeault, J. F. 2011. A review of genesis and evolution of water quality index (WQI) and some future directions. Water Qual Expo Health, 3, 1, 11-24.

MERC. 2012. Study on the establishment of marine water quality index for Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Environmental Resources Centre. MOH. 2004. National Standard for Drinking Water Quality, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Document D1.

Misaghi, F., Delgosha, F., Razzaghmanesh, M., Myers, B. 2017. Introducing a water quality index for assessing water for irrigation purposes: A case study of the Ghezel Ozan River. Sci Total Environ, 589, 107-116.

Ning, L., Liyuan, Y., Jirui, D., Xugui, P. 2011. Heavy metal pollution in surface water of Linglong gold mining area, China. Procedia Environ Sci, 10, 914-917.

Papatheodorou, G., Demopoulou, G., Lambrakis, N. 2006. A long-term study of temporal hydrochemical data in a shallow lake using multivariate statistical techniques. Ecol. Model., 193, 3, 759-776.

Saeedi, M., Abessi, O., Sharifi, F., Meraji, H. 2010. Development of groundwater quality index. Environ Monit Assess., 163, 1, 327-335.

Shirazi, S. M., Adham, M., Zardari, N. H., Ismail, Z., Imran, H. M., Mangrio, M. A. 2015. Groundwater quality and hydrogeological characteristics of Malacca state in Malaysia. J. Water Land Dev., 24, 1, 11-19.

Shirazi, S., Imran, H., Akib, S., Yusop, Z., Harun, Z. 2013. Groundwater vulnerability assessment in the Melaka State of Malaysia using DRASTIC and GIS techniques. Environ. Earth Sci., 70, 5, 2293-2304.

Teh, G., KIang, A. K. 2002. EPMA Characterisation and Geochemistry of Cas site rites from the Kuala Lumpur area. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, 45, 363-368.

Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Ganthi, R. R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, P., Vasudevan, S. 2010. Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess., 171, 1-4, 595-609.

Willingham, W. T., Thurston, R. V., Luedtke, R. J., Russo, R. C. 2016. Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. Int. J. Sci., 22, 4, 138-139.

Yidana, S. M., Yidana, A. 2010. Assessing water quality using water quality index and multivariate analysis. Environ. Earth Sci., 59, 7, 1461-1473.

You, S., Lu, J., Tang, C. Y., Wang, X. 2017. Rejection of heavy metals in acidic wastewater by a novel thin-film inorganic forward osmosis membrane. Chem Eng J., 320, 532-538.

Zain, S. M., Behkami, S., Bakirdere, S., Koki, I. B. 2016. Milk authentication and discrimination via metal content clustering – A case of comparing milk from Malaysia and selected countries of the world. Food Control, 66, 306-314.

Downloads

Published

04-02-2019