Biocomposites conductive scaffold based on PEDOT:PSS/nHA/chitosan/PCL: Fabrication and characterization

Authors

  • Alireza Lari Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
  • Naznin Sultana Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
  • Chin Fhong Soon Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2.1201

Keywords:

Biocomposite, tissue engineering, conductive polymer

Abstract

Biomaterial-based scaffolds with suitable characteristics are highly desired in tissue engineering (TE) application. Biocomposites based on polymer and ceramics increase the chance for modulating the properties of scaffold. In recent years, researchers have considered conductive polymers to be used in TE application, due to their conductivity. This property has a good impact on tissue regeneration. A suitable design for bone substitute that consists of considerations such as material component, fabrication technique and mechanical properties. The previous studies on PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS showed high wettability rate but low mechanical properties. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer with a low wettability. The incorporation of PCL inside biocomposite can lead to the decrement in wettability and increment in mechanical property. In addition, this paper would examine the feasibility of blending of PCL and chitosan to fabricate PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS composite scaffold. The fabrication technique of freezing/ lyophilization was used in this study. The scaffolds were characterized morphologically using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wettability was studied using a contact angle instrument. The attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) spectra interpreted the presence of polymeric ingredients within composite scaffold. Conductivity of the scaffolds was measured using a Digital Multimeter. In-vitro biological evaluation of the scaffolds was studied using human skin Fibroblast (HSF) cell line. The morphological study of biocomposite PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS/PCL scaffold revealed random pore sizes and 66% porosity. Contact angle of the scaffold was increased and the swelling property and pore sizes were decreased after blending of PCL polymer. The viability of HSF cells on biocomposite PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS/PCL scaffold was 85%. After 7 days, SEM analysis revealed the presence of cells on the surface of scaffold. In conclusion, the results suggested that PEDOT:PSS/nHA/CS/PCL biocomposite scaffold was non-toxic to cells and has suitable properties.

Author Biographies

Alireza Lari, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Faculty of Biosciences & Medical Engineering

Naznin Sultana, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center

Chin Fhong Soon, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

References

Armentano, I., Dottori, M., Fortunati, E., Mattioli, S. and Kenny, J.M. 2010. Biodegradable polymer matrix nanocomposites for tissue engineering: a review. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95(11), pp. 2126-2146.

Chandrasekaran, A.R., Venugopal, J., Sundarrajan, S. and Ramakrishna, S. 2011. Fabrication of a nanofibrous scaffold with improved bioactivity for culture of human dermal fibroblasts for skin regeneration. Biomedical Materials, 6(1), 015001.

Chen, M., Patra, PK., Warner, SB., Bhowmick, S. 2007. Role of fiber diameter in adhesion and proliferation of NIH 3T3 fibroblast on electrospun polycaprolactone scaffolds. Tissue Engineering 13(3), pp. 579-587.

Chung, Y. C. and Chen, C. Y. 2008. Antibacterial characteristics and activity of acid-soluble chitosan. Bioresource Technology, 99(8), pp. 2806-2814.

Cooper, A., Bhattarai, N. and Zhang, M. 2011. Fabrication and cellular compatibility of aligned chitosan–PCL fibers for nerve tissue regeneration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 85(1), pp.149-156.

Groenendaal, L., Jonas, F., Freitag, D., Pielartzik, H. and Reynolds, J. R. 2000. Poly (3, 4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: Past, present, and future. Advanced Materials, 12(7), pp.481-494.

Guimard, N. K., Gomez, N. and Schmidt, C. E. 2007. Conducting polymers in biomedical engineering. Progress in Polymer Science, 32(8), pp.876-921.

Jafari, M., Paknejad, Z., Rad, M. R., Motamedian, S. R., Eghbal, M. J., Nadjmi, N., & Khojasteh, A. (2017). Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering: A literature review. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 105(2), pp. 431-459.

Jin, R. M., Sultana, N., Baba, S., Hamdan, S., & Ismail, A. F. (2015). Porous PCL/chitosan and NHA/PCL/chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: Fabrication and evaluation. Journal of Nanomaterials, 16(1),Art. ID 357372, pp.1-8.

Kasoju, N., Kubies, D., Sedlačík, T., Janoušková, O., Koubková, J., Kumorek, M. M., & Rypáček, F. (2016). Polymer scaffolds with no skin-effect for tissue engineering applications fabricated by thermally induced phase separation. Biomedical Materials, 11(1), 015002.

Li, M., Guo, Y., Wei, Y., MacDiarmid, A. G. and Lelkes, P. I. 2006. Electrospinning polyaniline-contained gelatin nanofibers for tissue engineering applications. Biomaterials, 27(13), pp. 2705-2715.

Lin, H. R., Kuo, C. J., Yang, C. Y., Shaw, S. Y. and Wu, Y. J., 2002. Preparation of macroporous biodegradable PLGA scaffolds for cell attachment with the use of mixed salts as porogen additives. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 63(3), pp. 271-279.

Min, E., Wong, K. H. and Stenzel, M. H., 2008. Microwells with patterned proteins by a self‐assembly process using honeycomb‐structured porous films. Advanced Materials, 20(18), pp.3550-3556.

Mozafari, M., Mehraien, M., Vashaee, D. and Tayebi, L., 2012. Electroconductive nanocomposite scaffolds: A new strategy into tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In Nanocomposites-New Trends and Developments. InTech.

Roozbahani, F., Sultana, N., Ismail, A. F. and Nouparvar, H. 2013. Effects of chitosan alkali pretreatment on the preparation of electrospun PCL/chitosan blend nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering application. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2013, Art. ID 641502, pp.1-6.

Sun, T., Khan, T. H. and Sultana, N. 2014. Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of nanosized hydroxyapatite/chitosan-based tissue engineering scaffolds. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2014, Art. ID 194680, pp.1-8.

Wang, J. W., Chen, C. Y. and Kuo, Y. M. 2011. Preparation and characterization of chitosan‐coated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a promising non‐viral vector for gene delivery. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 121(6), pp.3531-3540.

Whang, K. and Healy, K. E. 2002. Processing of polymer scaffolds: Freeze-drying. In: Atala A, Lanza R.P. (Eds.) Methods of Tissue Engineering, Academic Press: San Diego, CA, pp. 697-704.

Zhou, W. Y., Wang, M., Cheung, W. L., Guo, B. C. and Jia, D. M., 2008. Synthesis of carbonated hydroxyapatite nanospheres through nanoemulsion. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 19(1), pp.103-110.

Downloads

Published

16-04-2019